“…With regard to the risk allocation in PPP projects, a general principle is that the risk should be allocated to the party who can assess and manage it best (Irwin, 2007), based on which a number of risk allocation schemes (Bing, Akintoye, Edwards, & Hardcastle, 2005;Hwang, Zhao, & Gay, 2013;Ke, Wang, Chan, & Lam, 2010;Ng & Loosemore, 2007;Roumboutsos & Anagnostopoulos, 2008) have been developed through questionnaire survey and case studies. Besides, quantitative methods, such as real options (Buyukyoran & Gundes, 2018;Liu & Cheah, 2009;Shan, Garvin, & Kumar, 2010), fuzzy synthetic evaluation model (Xu, Yeung, J. F. Chan, A. P. Chan, Wang, & Ke, 2010), artificial neural networks model (Jin & Zhang, 2011), fuzzy analytical hierarchy process model (Khazaeni, Khanzadi, & Afshar, 2012), principal-agent model (Moore, Boardman, & Vining, 2017) and bargaining model (Li, X. Wang, & Y. Wang, 2016;Medda, 2007) were adopted to investigate risk allocation tools for PPP projects.…”