Analyzing sequential relations in observational data: A practical guide

Whitehurst, Grover J.; Fischel, Janet E.; DeBaryshe, Barbara D.; Caulfield, Marie B.; Falco, Francine L.

doi:10.1007/bf00963577

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The techniques for analyzing sequential dependencies that we used in this study have been described in detail elsewhere (Whitehurst, Fischel, DeBaryshe, Caulfield, & Falco, 1986) and will only be summarized here. The analyses began with a lag of 1 transition matrix for each session of observation for each subject.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Verbal interaction in families of normal and expressive-language-delayed children.

Whitehurst¹,

Fischel²,

Lonigan³

et al. 1988

Developmental Psychology

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Developmental expressive language disorder (ELD) is a condition characterized by a delay in the development of expressive language compared with receptive language and IQ. Conditions that might contribute to the origins or maintenance of ELD are poorly understood. Unusual verbal interactions between parents and ELD children might be implicated in the origins of ELD or might represent parental reactivity to the child's limited expressive skills. We compared verbal interactions in the homes of 28-month-old ELD children, 28-month-old normal children matched on receptive ability with the ELD children, and 17-month-old normal children matched on expressive ability with the ELD children. We analyzed frequencies of major pragmatic categories of parent and child verbal behavior as well as sequential relations involving those categories. Pragmatic interactions in the ELD families were substantially similar to those in the families of the normal younger children and different from those in the older normal children. A measure of the structural complexity of maternal speech (MLU) did not differ across the groups. These results indicate that pragmatic language interactions in the families of ELD children are determined largely by the children's level of expressive ability rather than by their age or receptive abilities. In this regard, the child directed speech of parents of ELD children cannot be considered deviant and cannot be implicated in the etiology of ELD. The sensitivity of parents to their child's level of expressive ability suggests the need for refinement in current hypotheses concerning child directed speech.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Verbal interaction in families of normal and expressive-language-delayed children.

Whitehurst¹,

Fischel²,

Lonigan³

et al. 1988

Developmental Psychology

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show abstract

“…The software program called Sequential Data Analysis (SDA) developed by Sprague and Shamee (1992) was used to calculate sequential relationships through computation of conditional probabilities. The SDA program generated conditional probabilities and Z scores (Whitehurst, Fischel, DeBaryshe, Caufield, & Falco, 1986). The Z scores determine the statistical significance of conditional probabilities, when compared to the base rates for each variable.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding intra-response class covariation from the matching theory perspective.

Shukla-Mehta¹,

Albin²

2005

Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention

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The purpose of this study was to utilize the matching theory to understand intra-response class covariation as a result of extinction for selected members of the response class versus functional communication training. The participant was a 9-year old girl with a severe disability and problem behavi ors. Experimental procedures included functional analysis, extinction, and functional communication training. Results showed that in accordance with the matching theory, responses (problem or adaptive) that were continuously reinforced occurred at a higher rate when compared to responses on extinction. In addition, extinction for some problem responses increased the rate of nontargeted problem responses; however, concurrent reinforcement of a newly learned functionally equivalent communication response increased the rate of this behavior and decreased all problem behaviors.

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“…Chi-square tests can determine whether or not behavioral sequences are random patterns (Baker and Gillingham 1983;Bels and Crama 1994;Liu et al 2008). Baker and Gillingham (1983) and Bels and Crama (1994) have used Z-scores (Poole 1978), and Liu et al (2008) have used kappa analyses (Whitehurst et al 1986), to find significant correlations between the dyadic pairs and to determine whether certain behaviors are followed predictably by others. A review of statistical analyses of behavior is beyond the scope of this article, but they are an important tool for studying courtship (e.g., Runyon and Haber 1976) and should be incorporated into future research on CBFT.…”

Section: Highlights In the Study Of Turtle Courtshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex in the Half-Shell: A Review of the Functions and Evolution of Courtship Behavior in Freshwater Turtles

Liu

Davy²,

Shi

et al. 2013

Chelonian Conservation and Biology

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ABSTRACT. -Freshwater turtle courtship is an exciting and potentially phylogenetically important field of study. Scattered data exist from the past century of research, yet no recent summary is available. Courtship in freshwater turtles includes a number of common behaviors, which usually involve visual, tactile, olfactory, and auditory signals. These signals function in both species and sex recognition and in the seduction of potential mates. Specific behavioral sequences are required to facilitate successful copulation, and these behaviors presumably play a role in mate choice. We performed a series of meta-analyses to investigate the evolution of courtship behavior in freshwater turtles. Biting, an aggressive form of courtship behavior, is plesiomorphic, conserved only in the Chelydridae, Kinosternidae, subfamily Emydinae and South American species in the Pleurodira. Head movement and foreclaw display are apparently apomorphic and evolved independently in the Geoemydinae, Deirochelyinae, and Australian species of the Pleurodira. Display type (pre-or postmounting display) and sexual size dimorphism also show phylogenetic patterns. Therefore, the evolution of courtship behavior in freshwater turtles might accompany the evolution of sexual dimorphism, which is directly subject to natural selection.KEY WORDS. -Meta-analysis; sexual dimorphism; mating signal; natural selectionThe courtship behavior of freshwater turtles (CBFT) has been a topic of research interest for over a century. Anecdotal reports and more detailed observational studies have identified visual, tactile, chemical, and auditory stimuli. Early reviews by Carpenter and Ferguson (1977) and Harless (1979) noted a paucity of data. Over 30 yrs later, an impressive body of literature on CBFT has accumulated, but this literature is scattered, and no recent summary is available. Thus, although observations of courtship behavior exist for many species, our understanding of how CBFT operates remains limited because the functions of most signals used in courtship remain elusive. This is partly attributable to logistical difficulties involved in studying behavior in freshwater turtles and to the difficulty of determining the interpretation of signals by the receiver.Some more rigorous studies have produced quantifiable models of courtship behavior (e.g., Baker and Gillingham 1983;Liu et al. 2008), and these lend themselves to hypothesis testing. However, analyses and applications of ethograms based on stereotype patterns remain rare, and this precludes combining ethograms for comparative studies. Harless (1979) has identified necessary steps to move forward-hypothesis testing, identification of stimuli that elicit signaling, and identification of signal function-and much of this remains to be accomplished.Herein, we provide a brief history of the study of CBFT. We review behaviors and signals currently implicated in turtle courtship studies and discuss the methods and statistical analyses commonly used in these studies. This review unifies descriptions of beh...

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Analyzing sequential relations in observational data: A practical guide

Cited by 10 publications

References 10 publications

Verbal interaction in families of normal and expressive-language-delayed children.

Verbal interaction in families of normal and expressive-language-delayed children.

Understanding intra-response class covariation from the matching theory perspective.

Sex in the Half-Shell: A Review of the Functions and Evolution of Courtship Behavior in Freshwater Turtles

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