Analyzing Stop-and-Go Waves by Experiment and Modeling

Portz, Andrea; Seyfried, Armin

doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9725-8_52

Cited by 53 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…This indicates that the heterogeneity of the crowd may lead to different characteristics of pedestrian flow. Unfortunately, the quantitative relation of headway and speed for the old group in the strong constrained regime were not presented due to the lack of data for old people movement especially at the high densities.It is obvious that most of the experiments focused on young pedestrians and the studies on elderly movement is still not enough.Besides, the stop-and-go wave observed under high densities situations reproduced in several laboratory experiments [15,25,26] and simulation models [27]. analyzed the stop-and-go waves by experiment and modeling qualitatively.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

Contrastive study on the single-file pedestrian movement of the elderly and other age groups

Ren¹,

Zhang²,

Song³

2019

J. Stat. Mech.

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The worldwide population is aging and countries are facing ongoing challenges in improving the safety of elderly pedestrians. In this work, single-file movement of the elderly are experimentally compared with that of different age groups. The findings indicates that the age is not the only factor influencing the pedestrian dynamics but the heterogeneity of the crowd composition and the familiarity among neighboring pedestrians also have significant effects. The existence of three regimes in the relationship between headway and speed is confirmed. In the strong constrained regime, the slope of the relationship between headway and speed of the elderly is bigger than that of the young, which means that the elders are more sensitive to the spatial headway than the young when adapting the speeds. However, the difference of the slopes in the weakly constrained regime is small, which indicates a weak dependency between age and the adaption time. The elderly need longer headway during the transformation of the motion state. Besides, the 'active cease' behavior of pedestrians, which is explained with the least effort principle, is observed in the experiment. The findings offer empirical data of the elderly under high densities and can be useful for the improvement of the pedestrian modelling and the construction of elderly friendly facilities. space diagram, fundamental diagram and the relationship of headway and speed, etc. Zeng et al. [17] revealed the relationship between step length and step frequency under different headways. Cao et al. [18] studied the influence of the limited visibility on the single-file movement and found that the speed distribution in different conditions conforms to Gaussian distribution. Gulhare et al. [19] studied the differences of the single-file motion in the field observations and controlled experiment. They noted that the boundary might have an influence on the results.The discrepancies of the basic fundamental diagrams of pedestrian movement [20,21] were investigated in different aspects including the shape of the walking path [14], age composition [11, 13, 15, [22], as well as cultural difference [23] with series of experiments. Seyfried et al. [11] measured the fundamental diagrams for the densities up to 2 m -1 and found that two differing speed phases. In France, Jelic et al. [14,24] conducted experiment inside a ring and the density reached 3 m -1 . Beside the free flow regime and congested regime, they observed a third regime named weakly constrained regime in the relation of headway and speed. However, from the experiment of pedestrians with different ages in [15] in China three regimes in mixed group of old and young people but only two regimes in young students group were observed. This indicates that the heterogeneity of the crowd may lead to different characteristics of pedestrian flow. Unfortunately, the quantitative relation of headway and speed for the old group in the strong constrained regime were not presented due to the lack of data for old people movement especia...

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mentioning

confidence: 94%

Contrastive study on the single-file pedestrian movement of the elderly and other age groups

Ren¹,

Zhang²,

Song³

2019

J. Stat. Mech.

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“…In India the participants in both experiments were students, in Germany the participants in the short loop experiment were students, the participants in the long loop were soldiers. Sources: left: Figure 7 of [2]; right: Figure 1 of [5] second inflection point at very high densities as shown in Fig. 5 or if speed approaches zero nearly asymptotically as Fig.…”

Section: Introduction I: Empirical Data On Pedestrians' Speed-densitymentioning

confidence: 92%

“…However, there are four issues: first, the theory assumes nonchalant that the average free speed and the maximum density are known. Yet measuring a meaningful average speed near maximum density is difficult or even impossible since one is faced with stop-and-go waves in pedestrian [5,45] as well as vehicular traffic.…”

Section: Comparison To Empirical Data Of Pedestriansmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Inflection Point of the Speed-Density Relation and the Social Force Model

2016

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It has been argued that the speed-density diagram of pedestrian movement has an inflection point [1] (p. 3, "Domain I: ... At low densities there is a small and increasing decline of the velocity ... Domain III: ... For growing density the velocity remains nearly constant."). This inflection point was found empirically in investigations of closed-loop single-file pedestrian movement.The reduced complexity of single-file movement does not only allow a higher precision for the evaluation of empirical data, but it also significantly simplifies analytical considerations. This is especially true if one assumes homogeneous conditions, i.e. neglects temporal variations (consider time averages, neglect stop-and-go waves), individual differences of pedestrians (all simulated pedestrians have identical parameters) and investigates only steady-state (not the initial phase). As will be shown in this contribution one then can make a transition from the microscopic to a continuous and macroscopic perspective.Building on that it will be shown that certain (common) variants of the Social Force Model (SFM) do not produce an inflection point in the speed-density diagram if -assuming periodic boundary conditions -infinitely many pedestrians contribute to the force computed for one pedestrian. It will furthermore be shown that if -in said 1d movement situation -one only considers nearest neighbors for the computation of the interpedestrian forces the Social Force Model in the continuous description results in the so called Kladek formula for the speed-density relation. Since the Kladek formula exhibits the desired inflection point this observation is used as a motivation for an extension of the Social Force Model which allows to transform the continuous description of the SFM continuously to the Kladek formula and which also exhibits the inflection point in the speed density relation. It will be shown then, that this extended SFM yields astonishingly similar speed density relations as the original SFM when only a fixed limited number of (nearest) pedestrians are considered in the computation of the inter-pedestrian force. Finally it will be discussed, if also the description of the speed-density diagram for (motorized, four-wheel) vehicular and/or bicycle traffic could benefit from these measures.

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“…Generally, the evaluation techniques utilized can be split into qualitative and quantitative measures . The former included assessments made by experts in the field or context of the intended application, as well as category‐based rating systems designed to define the capabilities of an algorithm (such as emergent behaviors).…”

Section: Sample For First Level Headmentioning

confidence: 99%

A human and group behavior simulation evaluation framework utilizing composition and video analysis

Dupre

Argyriou

2018

Computer Animation & Virtual

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In this work, we present the modular crowd simulation evaluation through composition framework, which provides a quantitative comparison between different pedestrian and crowd simulation approaches. Evaluation is made based on the comparison of source footage against synthetic video created through novel composition techniques. The proposed framework seeks to reduce the complexity of simulation evaluation and provide a platform from which the comparison of differing simulation algorithms and parametric tuning can be conducted to improve simulation accuracy or provide measures of similarity between crowd simulation algorithms and source data. Through the use of features designed to mimic the human visual system, specific simulation properties can be evaluated relative to sample footage. Validation was performed on a number of popular crowd data sets and through comparisons of multiple pedestrian and crowd simulation algorithms.

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Analyzing Stop-and-Go Waves by Experiment and Modeling

Cited by 53 publications

References 12 publications

Contrastive study on the single-file pedestrian movement of the elderly and other age groups

Contrastive study on the single-file pedestrian movement of the elderly and other age groups

The Inflection Point of the Speed-Density Relation and the Social Force Model

A human and group behavior simulation evaluation framework utilizing composition and video analysis

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