Analyzing the advantages of subcutaneous over transcutaneous electrical stimulation for activating brainwaves

Kang, Wonok; Lee, Jiho; Kim, Yu Ri; Chung, Woo Ram; Na, Duk L.; Shon, Young-Min; Park, Sung Min

doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64378-6

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 63 publications

(117 reference statements)

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“…As we discussed, there are multiple challenges and requirements related to electroceuticals; we hope that the advancement in the field of bioelectronics, with the help of allied areas [50,51], will overcome those difficulties. We believe that these technologies will become feasible from concept to reality in the near future.…”

Section: Smart Implants Development Challengesmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Importantly, integrated devices and materials must be tested for toxicity, carcinogenicity, hermeticity, and material degradation over time to achieve efficient performance towards heart functions under safety regulations. With the help of allied areas and technologies [50,51], we hope that this advancement will soon become feasible from concept to reality.…”

Section: Pacemakermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Analytical modelling and simulation of vagus nerve stimulator design and comparative analysis with the commercially available VNS devices may help us to fabricate more reliable devices while enhancing miniaturization and ultra-low power consumption capability. We hope that the advancement in bioelectronics, with the help of allied areas [50,51], would help overcome the challenges and difficulties associated with traditional devices.…”

Section: Vagus Nerve Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New Era of Electroceuticals: Clinically Driven Smart Implantable Electronic Devices Moving towards Precision Therapy

Magisetty

Park

2022

Micromachines

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In the name of electroceuticals, bioelectronic devices have transformed and become essential for dealing with all physiological responses. This significant advancement is attributable to its interdisciplinary nature from engineering and sciences and also the progress in micro and nanotechnologies. Undoubtedly, in the future, bioelectronics would lead in such a way that diagnosing and treating patients’ diseases is more efficient. In this context, we have reviewed the current advancement of implantable medical electronics (electroceuticals) with their immense potential advantages. Specifically, the article discusses pacemakers, neural stimulation, artificial retinae, and vagus nerve stimulation, their micro/nanoscale features, and material aspects as value addition. Over the past years, most researchers have only focused on the electroceuticals metamorphically transforming from a concept to a device stage to positively impact the therapeutic outcomes. Herein, the article discusses the smart implants’ development challenges and opportunities, electromagnetic field effects, and their potential consequences, which will be useful for developing a reliable and qualified smart electroceutical implant for targeted clinical use. Finally, this review article highlights the importance of wirelessly supplying the necessary power and wirelessly triggering functional electronic circuits with ultra-low power consumption and multi-functional advantages such as monitoring and treating the disease in real-time.

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Section: Smart Implants Development Challengesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Pacemakermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Vagus Nerve Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New Era of Electroceuticals: Clinically Driven Smart Implantable Electronic Devices Moving towards Precision Therapy

Magisetty

Park

2022

Micromachines

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“…A more recent study recorded EEG before and after CES administered with the Endomed 482 using bilateral earlobe electrodes at 0.5 or 100 Hz, with the sham group using an inactive device (no vestibular or cutaneous sensations were reported for either group). The authors found increased high frequency (11–13 Hz) parietal alpha band activity with 0.5 Hz stimulation, and increased low and mid-frequency temporal beta band activity with 100 Hz stimulation (Lee et al, 2019 ). The authors suggest these results show evidence for CES increasing “clear state of mind,” attention, and concentration.…”

Section: Mechanistic Explanations Of Ces Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation for Neuromodulation in Clinical and Non-clinical Samples

Brunyé

Patterson

Wooten

et al. 2021

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) is a neuromodulation tool used for treating several clinical disorders, including insomnia, anxiety, and depression. More recently, a limited number of studies have examined CES for altering affect, physiology, and behavior in healthy, non-clinical samples. The physiological, neurochemical, and metabolic mechanisms underlying CES effects are currently unknown. Computational modeling suggests that electrical current administered with CES at the earlobes can reach cortical and subcortical regions at very low intensities associated with subthreshold neuromodulatory effects, and studies using electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) show some effects on alpha band EEG activity, and modulation of the default mode network during CES administration. One theory suggests that CES modulates brain stem (e.g., medulla), limbic (e.g., thalamus, amygdala), and cortical (e.g., prefrontal cortex) regions and increases relative parasympathetic to sympathetic drive in the autonomic nervous system. There is no direct evidence supporting this theory, but one of its assumptions is that CES may induce its effects by stimulating afferent projections of the vagus nerve, which provides parasympathetic signals to the cardiorespiratory and digestive systems. In our critical review of studies using CES in clinical and non-clinical populations, we found severe methodological concerns, including potential conflicts of interest, risk of methodological and analytic biases, issues with sham credibility, lack of blinding, and a severe heterogeneity of CES parameters selected and employed across scientists, laboratories, institutions, and studies. These limitations make it difficult to derive consistent or compelling insights from the extant literature, tempering enthusiasm for CES and its potential to alter nervous system activity or behavior in meaningful or reliable ways. The lack of compelling evidence also motivates well-designed and relatively high-powered experiments to assess how CES might modulate the physiological, affective, and cognitive responses to stress. Establishing reliable empirical links between CES administration and human performance is critical for supporting its prospective use during occupational training, operations, or recovery, ensuring reliability and robustness of effects, characterizing if, when, and in whom such effects might arise, and ensuring that any benefits of CES outweigh the risks of adverse events.

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“…Prior to the preclinical study, to estimate the safety of the protocol for the brain, simulations were performed using the quasi-static LF solver in Sim4Life (Zurich med tech, Switzerland) to derive the distribution of the specific absorption rate (SAR) and electrical field (EF) induced in the brain under the protocol conditions (stimulation: 40 Hz, WPT: 0.4 W) in a 3-D model imitating the head structure of a beagle (Fig. 13(a)) [26]. In the EF distribution on the brain surface (Fig.…”

Section: Helmet-type Bs For Long-term Preclinical Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Non Anesthetic Preclinical Study Available Extra-Cranial Brain Activator (ECBA) System for the Future Minimally Invasive Human Neuro Modulation

Lee

Mun

Jung

et al. 2020

IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst.

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In recent years, electroceuticals have been spotlighted as an emerging treatment for various severe chronic brain diseases, owing to their intrinsic advantage of electrical interaction with the brain, which is the most electrically active organ. However, the majority of research has verified only the short-term efficacy through acute studies in laboratory tests owing to the lack of a reliable miniaturized platform for long-term animal studies. The construction of a sufficient integrated system for such a platform is extremely difficult because it requires multi-disciplinary work using state-of-the-art technologies in a wide range of fields. In this study, we propose a complete system of an implantable platform for long-term preclinical brain studies. Our proposed system, the Extra-Cranial Brain Activator (ECBA), consists of a titanium-packaged implantable module and a helmet-type base station that powers the module wirelessly. The ECBA can also be controlled by a remote handheld device. Using the ECBA, we performed a long-term non-anesthetic study with multiple canine subjects, and the resulting PET-CT scans demonstrated remarkable enhancement in brain activity relating to memory and sensory skills. Furthermore, the histological analysis and high-temperature aging test confirmed the reliability of the system for up to 31 months. Hence, the proposed ECBA system is expected to lead a new paradigm of human neuromodulation studies in the near future.

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Analyzing the advantages of subcutaneous over transcutaneous electrical stimulation for activating brainwaves

Cited by 9 publications

References 63 publications

New Era of Electroceuticals: Clinically Driven Smart Implantable Electronic Devices Moving towards Precision Therapy

New Era of Electroceuticals: Clinically Driven Smart Implantable Electronic Devices Moving towards Precision Therapy

A Critical Review of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation for Neuromodulation in Clinical and Non-clinical Samples

Long-Term Non Anesthetic Preclinical Study Available Extra-Cranial Brain Activator (ECBA) System for the Future Minimally Invasive Human Neuro Modulation

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