Analyzing the Determinants of Non-farm Income Diversification of Farm Households in Peshawar District of Pakistan

Kanwal, Nazish; Khan, Muhammad Ammad; Zheng, Zhihao

doi:10.1515/tjeb-2016-0003

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…This result is in line with past studies for the agricultural sector characterized by small-scale operations in the literature (e.g. de Janvry et al , 2005; Wang et al , 2011; Ahmed, 2012; Kanwal et al , 2016).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Distributional effect of the farmer pension program in Taiwan

Luh

Wei

2018

CAER

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Purpose The Old Farmer Pension Program (OFPP) represents Taiwan’s long-standing efforts aiming at improving farm household income and well-being; however, how effective the pension program is in terms of achieving the policy agenda has remained unclear. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach Based on data drawn from the Survey of Family Income and Expenditure during 1999–2013, two identification strategies are used to examine the effect of OFPP. First the authors apply the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition to address the concern if the program reaches the socially/economically disadvantaged farm households. The second identification strategy involves using the static and dynamic decomposition approaches to identify the major factors contributing to farm household income inequality and the redistribution role of the OFPP. Findings Results from the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition indicate that about 60 percent of the income gap can be eliminated if the pension recipients’ socio-economic characteristics are the same as the non-recipient group, suggesting it is the disadvantaged group that receives the old farmer pension. Moreover, the results suggest the significant contributions of household investments in health and human capital as well as diversification toward nonfarm activities, to income inequality among Taiwan’s farm households. Results from the dynamic decomposition suggest that the first-wave adjustment of the OFPP enlarges farm household income inequality, the following two waves of adjustment, however, plays an equalizing role. Originality/value This study adds to the literature by providing a methodological refinement promoting the view that it calls for the use of the dynamic (change) decomposition framework to investigate the inequality-enlarging or inequality-equalizing role each income determinant plays.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Distributional effect of the farmer pension program in Taiwan

Luh

Wei

2018

CAER

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“…Small fragmented farms are often associated with resource mobilization and low-productivity issues. Hence, positive correlation seems logical and is supported by previous studies on this issue [ 61 , 62 , 63 ]. Results suggest that a decrease in farm size might push farmers towards the adoption of other sources of income.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Mitigating Catastrophic Risks and Food Security Threats: Effects of Land Ownership in Southern Punjab, Pakistan

Jabbar

Peng

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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In the wake of environmental challenges, the adoption of risk management strategies is imperative to achieve sustainable agricultural production and food security among the Pakistani farmers of Punjab. For a deeper insight into farmers’ adaptive behavior towards climate change, this study explored the role of land tenancy in the adoption of risk management instruments, such as off-farm diversification, improved varieties, and crop insurance. Off-farm diversification was found to be a preferred instrument among landless tenants. The study also employed a multivariate probit model that further signified the role of land tenure in risk-related decisions. Apart from land tenancy, the results identified the prominence of risk perception, information access, and extension access in adoption decisions. This study also investigated the association between risk management approaches and food security indicators (household hunger scale, food consumption score). Analysis revealed a significant association between risk management tools and food security indicators.

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“…Many Pakistani agricultural households are transitioning toward more diversified assortment of income sources, which is emphasized (Kanwal et al, 2016;Batool et al, 2017;Iqbal et al, 2021;Habib et al, 2022). Previous research has indicated that more diverse income portfolio effect food security and nutrition at home; therefore, we examined link between IDI and dietary diversity (Milajerdi et al, 2018;Onah et al, 2022).…”

Section: Income Diversification Index (Idi) and Annual Per Capita Incomementioning

confidence: 99%

Do crop diversity and livestock production improve smallholder intra-household dietary diversity, nutrition and sustainable food production? Empirical evidence from Pakistan

Waseem

Li²,

Jamil³

et al. 2023

Front. Sustain. Food Syst.

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Crop diversification and livestock production is an important strategy to enhance nutrition, sustainable food production, and improve food security, especially at the smallholder household level. However, existing evidences are mixed and there are limited information about the relationship among agriculture crops, household income diversification (HID), and household dietary diversity (HDD) among smallholder farmers in developing country setting like Pakistan. Therefore, this study aims to understand the role of crop diversification (CD) on HDD, nutrition, and sustainable agriculture and food production in the context of smallholder households in Punjab, Pakistan. The study employed ordered probit regression and cross-sectional data from 450 households collected using 24-h recall method. Regression results indicate that crop diversity and intra-household dietary diversity are positively associated across adults, adolescents, and children in all the study districts. Moreover, annual income, key crops grown by the household and family education are also the significant drivers of dietary diversity. Greater travel distance between markets was the most crucial factor in all regions which significantly affect dietary diversity. The overall research findings indicated that crop diversification and livestock production in the selected areas is significantly contributing to improve nutrition and sustainable food production. Therefore this study recommends for promoting crop diversification and livestock production for sustainable agricultural development and improving nutrition in the context of developing countries like Pakistan.

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Analyzing the Determinants of Non-farm Income Diversification of Farm Households in Peshawar District of Pakistan

Cited by 13 publications

References 3 publications

Distributional effect of the farmer pension program in Taiwan

Distributional effect of the farmer pension program in Taiwan

Mitigating Catastrophic Risks and Food Security Threats: Effects of Land Ownership in Southern Punjab, Pakistan

Do crop diversity and livestock production improve smallholder intra-household dietary diversity, nutrition and sustainable food production? Empirical evidence from Pakistan

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