“…With reference to proactive routing in general, a limited number of studies in the literature, especially recent ones, has been noticed. For the few proactive routing studies considering only travel time as the routing objective (Bottom, 2000;Ben-Akiva et al, 2001;Pan et al, 2013), the associated limitations were related to the scale of the case study (Kaufman et al, 1991), level of temporal and spatial resolution (Bilali et al, 2019), use of centralized solutions that suffer from scaling issues, and the use of reflective prediction models (Kaufman et al, 1991;Bottom, 2000;Ben-Akiva et al, 2001;Pan et al, 2013). The found proactive routing studies did not employ sophisticated predictive models, which is a major limitation.…”