Analyzing the Prospect of Hybrid Energy in the Cement Industry of Pakistan Using Homer Pro

Abstract

Cement manufacturing is one of the most energy-intensive industries in the world. Most of the cost of producing cement is accounted by fuel consumption and power expenditures. Thermal power plants are the major source of electricity in Pakistan. But they are not efficient and environmentally friendly. This study simulates four different models for five cement plants of Pakistan on Homer Pro software and compares the optimal solutions based on the net present cost (NPC), levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Model-1 consists of solar panels, electrolyzer, hydrogen tank, hydrogen generator and converter. Model-2 has only a diesel generator and acts as a base case in this study. Model-3 has solar panels and a battery-converter system. In Model-4, diesel generators, solar panels and converters are considered. Based on NPC, the most optimal model is Model-4, having a 0.249 $/KWh LCOE in islanded systems. The NPC and operating costs are US$540 million and US$ 32.5 million per year, respectively, with a 29.80% reduction in CO2 emissions when compared to the base case. Based on GHG emissions, Model-1 and Model-3 are the best models with 0% GHG emissions. Sensitivity analyses is also performed using the parameters of load, inflation rate and discounted rate. The results prove that the proposed hybrid micropower systems (HMS) can sustainably provide electricity for 24 hours a day to the sites under consideration with minimum objectives.

Efficiency Improvement of Electric Vehicles By Using Winding-Less Rotor Based DC Motor

“…In both equations, the armature losses contribute to the total power losses and decrease the output power and therefore, decreases the efficiency of motor. In the proposed motor design, the rotor is made up of permanent magnets having no armature winding, which results in zero power losses occurring in the armature, therefore I 2 Ra losses are eliminated, therefore ( 7) and ( 10) can be rewritten as [29] This result clearly shows that the output power of the proposed designed electric motor is greater than the typical DC motor in terms of maximum efficiency.…”

A Comprehensive Empirical Analysis on Performance Assessment of Different Solar Cookers

“…The incorporation of optimization algorithms can enhance assessment studies [27], [28]. Also the event-driven tools are beneficial in terms of the computational effectiveness and real-time compression [29], [30].…”