“…Of the 16 studies that included model development, five studies collected data prospectively (Allouche et al, 2011; Gioan et al, 2018; Mercer et al, 1996; Misra et al, 2001; Zhu et al, 2017), 10 studies collected data retrospectively (Baer et al, 2018; de Caunes et al, 1990; Goyal et al, 2015; Hueston, 1998; Lee et al, 2020; Luo et al, 2016; Morken et al, 2014; Tan et al, 2007; Weber et al, 2018; Woolery, 1992), and one study combined prospective and retrospective designs (Takagi et al, 2012). Of the five studies that only conducted validation, three studies collected data prospectively (R. K. Creasy et al, 1980; Goodfellow et al, 2019; Holbrook et al, 1989), one study collected data retrospectively (Edenfield et al, 1995), and one study combined both designs (Wilson & Sill, 1973) (Table 2).…”