Anaplasma phagocytophilum strains from voles and shrews exhibit specific ankA gene sequences

Majazki, Juliana; Wüppenhorst, Nicole; Hartelt, Kathrin; Birtles, Richard J.; Loewenich, Friederike D. von

doi:10.1186/1746-6148-9-235

Cited by 38 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(83 reference statements)

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“…Co‐occurrence of these tick species has previously been suggested as a mechanism whereby pathogens such as A. phagocytophilum and B. microti could be maintained in wild rodent populations by I. trianguliceps and transferred to I. ricinus feeding on the same hosts, which could then act as a bridge vector to transmit the infectious agents to humans (Bown et al , ). However, further research has since shown that distinct ecotypes of A. phagocytophilum are found in discrete enzootic cycles involving specific host species, and that the ecotype detected in small rodents and I. trianguliceps is not present in I. ricinus (even those feeding on infected rodents) or in other types of host (Bown et al , Majazki et al , Blaňarová et al , Jahfari et al ). Therefore it might be argued, based upon this evidence, that A. phagocytophilum circulating in small mammals is unlikely to present a disease risk for humans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tick infestation of small mammals in an English woodland

Cull

Vaux

Ottowell

et al. 2017

Journal of Vector Ecology

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Tick infestations on small mammals were studied from April to November, 2010, in deciduous woodland in southern England in order to determine whether co-infestations with tick stages occurred on small mammals, a key requirement for endemic transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). A total of 217 small mammals was trapped over 1,760 trap nights. Yellow-necked mice (Apodemus flavicollis) made up the majority (52.5%) of animals, followed by wood mice (A. sylvaticus) 35.5% and bank voles (Myodes glareolus) 12%. A total of 970 ticks was collected from 169 infested animals; 96% of ticks were Ixodes ricinus and 3% I. trianguliceps. Over 98% of ticks were larval stages. Mean infestation intensities of I. ricinus were significantly higher on A. flavicollis (6.53 ± 0.67) than on A. sylvaticus (4.96 ± 0.92) and M. glareolus (3.25 ± 0.53). Infestations with I. ricinus were significantly higher in August than in any other month. Co-infestations with I. ricinus nymphs and larvae were observed on six (3.6%) infested individuals, and fifteen small mammals (8.9%) supported I. ricinus -I. trianguliceps co-infestations. This work contributes further to our understanding of European small mammal hosts that maintain tick populations and their associated pathogens, and indicates that co-infestation of larvae and nymph ticks does occur in lowland UK. The possible implications for transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus between UK ticks and small mammals are discussed. Journal of Vector Ecology 42 (1): 74-83. 2017.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tick infestation of small mammals in an English woodland

Cull

Vaux

Ottowell

et al. 2017

Journal of Vector Ecology

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“…For this reason, we and other authors have hypothesized that roe deer could be reservoir hosts for their own A. phagocytophilum variants [1]. Additionally, other data indicate that red deer could be reservoir hosts for domestic ruminant variants, but not for human, dog, or horse variants [6–9]. Wild boars ( Sus scrofa ) are also suspected to be reservoir hosts for human A. phagocytophilum variants [8, 10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis potentially reveals the existence of two groups of Anaplasma phagocytophilum circulating in cattle in France with different wild reservoirs

Dugat

Zanella

Véran³

et al. 2016

Parasites Vectors

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Background Anaplasma phagocytophilum is the causative agent of tick-borne fever, a disease with high economic impact for domestic ruminants in Europe. Epidemiological cycles of this species are complex, and involve different ecotypes circulating in various host species. To date, these epidemiological cycles are poorly understood, especially in Europe, as European reservoir hosts (i.e. vertebrate hosts enabling long-term maintenance of the bacterium in the ecosystem), of the bacterium have not yet been clearly identified. In this study, our objective was to explore the presence, the prevalence, and the genetic diversity of A. phagocytophilum in wild animals, in order to better understand their implications as reservoir hosts of this pathogen.MethodsThe spleens of 101 wild animals were collected from central France and tested for the presence of A. phagocytophilum DNA by msp2 qPCR. Positive samples were then typed by multi-locus variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA), and compared to 179 previously typed A. phagocytophilum samples.Results Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA was detected in 82/101 (81.2%) animals including 48/49 red deer (98%), 20/21 roe deer (95.2%), 13/29 wild boars (44.8%), and 1/1 red fox. MLVA enabled the discrimination of two A. phagocytophilum groups: group A contained the majority of A. phagocytophilum from red deer and two thirds of those from cattle, while group B included a human strain and variants from diverse animal species, i.e. sheep, dogs, a horse, the majority of variants from roe deer, and the remaining variants from cattle and red deer.ConclusionsOur results suggest that red deer and roe deer are promising A. phagocytophilum reservoir host candidates. Moreover, we also showed that A. phagocytophilum potentially circulates in at least two epidemiological cycles in French cattle. The first cycle may involve red deer as reservoir hosts and cattle as accidental hosts for Group A strains, whereas the second cycle could involve roe deer as reservoir hosts and at least domestic ruminants, dogs, horses, and humans as accidental hosts for Group B strains.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1888-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…based on serology) [70] and Iran (34.3% based on PCR) [71]. While it has been demonstrated that several animal species may act as reservoirs of A. phagocytophilum [72,73], the role of camelids remains to be ascertained. In the same way, the competence of Hyalomma spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ticks and associated pathogens in camels (Camelus dromedarius) from Riyadh province, Saudi Arabia

Alanazi

Nguyen

Alyousif

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Camel production in Saudi Arabia is severely affected by various diseases and by inadequate veterinary services. Ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TBPs ) affect the health and wellbeing of camels consequently diminishing their productivity and performances. In addition, camels may act as hosts for TBPs (e.g. Anaplasma phagocytophilum ) causing diseases in humans. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence of ixodid ticks and molecularly investigate the associated pathogens in camels from Saudi Arabia. Methods: Blood and tick samples were collected from camels ( n = 170) in Riyad Province of Saudi Arabia. Ticks were morphologically identified, and blood of camels were molecularly screened for apicomplexan (i.e. Babesia spp . , Theileria spp., Hepatozoon spp.) and rickettsial parasites (i.e. Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma spp.). Results: Of the 170 camels examined, 116 (68.2%; 95% CI: 60.9–75.1%) were infested by ticks with a mean intensity of 2.53 (95% CI: 2.4–2.6). In total of 296 ticks collected, Hyalomma dromedarii was the most prevalent (76.4%), followed by Hyalomma impeltatum (23.3%) and Hyalomma excavatum (0.3%). Of the tested animals, 13 (7.6%; 95% CI: 4.3–12.8%) scored positive to at least one TBP, with Anaplasma platys (5.3%; 95% CI: 2.7–9.9%) being the most prevalent species, followed by Anaplasma phagocytophilum , Anaplasma sp., Ehrlichia canis and Hepatozoon canis (0.6% each; 95% CI: 0.04–3.4%). None of the camels were found to be co-infected with more than one pathogen. All samples tested negative for Babesia spp. and Theileria spp. Conclusions: The present study reveals the occurrence of different tick species and tick-borne pathogens in camels from Saudi Arabia. Importantly, these camels may carry A. phagocytophilum and A. platys , representing a potential risk to humans.

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Anaplasma phagocytophilum strains from voles and shrews exhibit specific ankA gene sequences

Cited by 38 publications

References 50 publications

Tick infestation of small mammals in an English woodland

Tick infestation of small mammals in an English woodland

Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis potentially reveals the existence of two groups of Anaplasma phagocytophilum circulating in cattle in France with different wild reservoirs

Ticks and associated pathogens in camels (Camelus dromedarius) from Riyadh province, Saudi Arabia

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