Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: An overview

Cornett, Wendy R.; Sharma, Anand K.; Day, Terry A.; Richardson, Mary S.; Hoda, Rana S.; Heerden, Jon A. van; Fernandes, Jyotika

doi:10.1007/s11912-007-0014-3

Cited by 88 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Typically, the tumor is initially diminished in response to chemotherapy, only to rebound in size before the next round of chemotherapy could be administered. A combination of chemotherapy, radiation and surgery has been reported to be effective in very early and incidental cases, but there remains no standard method of treatment for this particular cancer [2].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Successful Treatment of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma with a Combination of Oral Valproic Acid, Chemotherapy, Radiation and Surgery

et al. 2009

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Abstract. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is the most aggressive of thyroid cancers whose treatment is not yet established and mortality is extremely high. Recent in vitro studies have shown that valproic acid (VA), a newly identified histone deacetilase (HDAC) inhibitor, induces apoptosis, modulates differentiation gene expression of thyroid tumors and enhances the sensitivity of anaplastic cancer cell lines to doxorubicin. We report a case of successful treatment of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma with a combination of oral valproic acid, chemotherapy consisting of cisplatin and doxorubicin, external and intra-operative radiation and surgery. Tumor volume decreased by 50.7% under CT measurement and 44.6% under sonogram measurement over the course of the treatment. No significant rebound of tumor size was observed between each cycle of chemotherapy. Serial cytology performed via fine needle aspiration (FNA) presented a rapidly changing profile of cell types, starting with anaplastic and proceeding through increasingly well differentiated presentations. Only microscopic remnants of ATC cells were found in the histological examination of the resected thyroid. Ga scintigraphy and whole body PET scan six months after surgery revealed no evidence of recurrence or metastasis. As of Nov. 22, 2008, the patient is alive and disease free two years after diagnosis. Case ReportCase A 51 year old male, in otherwise good health, presented with a rapidly growing nodule with mild tenderness on the right side of his throat. He noticed a vague discomfort in his throat on November, 15, 2006, but could not locate the tumor by palpation. By the time he visited his local ENT on Nov. 18, the tumor was not only palpable but also visible as a protruding mass of finger tip size. He was referred to Noguchi Thyroid Clinic on Nov. 22 by his ENT as a possible case of subacute thyroiditis. The thyroid mass was hard and immobile on palpation. Sonogram and rapid FNA revealed the tumor to be ATC. Computerized tomography on the same day showed a thyroid mass of 30 × 41 × 35 mm occupying most of the right lobe of the thyroid with involvement of the anterior neck muscle. The tumor presented with acute pain. There was no evidence of lymph node or pulmonary metastasis. White blood cell count was 8460/µl. The case gauged 1/4 in the Sugitani Prognostic Index. Tc-99m scintigraphy presented a defect in the right lobe of the thyroid compatible to sonogram and CT findings. The patient had no previous history of cancer or thyroid ailments. Clinical CourseThe patient was immediately admitted and started on 1200 mg of oral VA daily, the upper therapeutic dose for epilepsy, and pre-hydrated for chemotherapy

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Successful Treatment of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma with a Combination of Oral Valproic Acid, Chemotherapy, Radiation and Surgery

et al. 2009

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“…The finding of missense germ-line and somatic mutations in the GRIM19 (a nuclear gene located on chromosome 19p13.2) in oncocytic variant of FTC and PTC, but not in oncocytic adenoma or non-oncocytic carcinomas, suggests a dual function of this gene in mitochondrial metabolism and cell transformation (Maximo et al, 2005). PDTC shows loss of structural and functional differentiation, which implies they are intermediate between well-differentiated and undifferentiated thyroid carcinomas (Rosai et al, 1992;DeLellis et al, 2004;Cornett et al, 2007). Characteristically, these lesions show widely infiltrative growth, necrosis, vascular invasion and numerous mitotic figures ( Figure 1E).…”

Section: Malignant Cancersmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Accordingly, half patients with ATC have either a prior or coexistent differentiated carcinoma (Rosai et al, 1992;DeLellis et al, 2004). ATC is a highly aggressive tumour, with a disease-specific mortality approaching 100% (Cornett et al, 2007). Patients with anaplastic carcinoma present with extensive local invasion, and distant metastases are found at disease presentation in 15 to 50% of patients.…”

Section: Malignant Cancersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Biology of Thyroid Cancer

Viglietto¹,

Marco²

2011

Contemporary Aspects of Endocrinology

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“…These patients have a low mortality rate and excellent prognosis. However, a subset of patients that develops distant metastases presents with a high disease recurrence rate and poor prognosis and the disease may develop into anaplastic thyroid cancer with a fatal outcome (4,5). Therefore, research on the molecular mechanisms involved in thyroid carcinogenesis will facilitate the development of more effective therapy for this cancer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Klotho inhibits human follicular thyroid cancer cell growth and promotes apoptosis through regulation of the expression of stanniocalcin-1

Dong

Wang

et al. 2015

Oncology Reports

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Abstract.The new anti-aging gene Klotho has been identified as a multi-functional humoral factor which influences multiple biological processes, including tumor progression. Although ample evidence indicates that Klotho plays important roles in cervical, lung and breast cancer, the role and mechanism of Klotho in thyroid cancer are still unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of Klotho in human thyroid cancer cell lines FTC133 and FTC238. Klotho overexpression markedly reduced thyroid cancer FTC133 and FTC238 cell proliferation and enhanced apoptosis, whereas, Klotho silencing in the FTC133 and FTC238 cells increased cell growth. Moreover, soluble human KL1 (sKL) and Klotho overexpression had a similar effect on FTC133 and FTC238 cell growth. A high level of Klotho was also found to be associated with a low level of stanniocalcin 1 (STC1) in both the FTC133 and FTC238 cell lines. STC1 silencing significantly inhibited thyroid cancer cell proliferation, whereas recombinant human STC1 (hSTC1) markedly enhanced cell proliferation. In addition, our study demonstrated that hSTC1 treatment attenuated Klotho-induced inhibition of cell proliferation and promotion of apoptosis. Our data revealed the existence of a moderating effect between Klotho and STC1, where Klotho may inhibit thyroid tumor progression by inhibiting the tumor marker level of STC1. IntroductionThyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, and the number of new cases diagnosed worldwide has increased in the last decade (1). Thyroid cancer is classified into undifferentiated and differentiated cancer, and the vast majority of thyroid cancers (~80%) are differentiated thyroid cancers (DTCs) (2). DTCs consist of two cellular types: papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs) and differentiated follicular thyroid cancers (FTCs). Various effective treatments have been used for thyroid cancer therapy, such as complete thyroidectomy followed by radioiodine therapy (3). These patients have a low mortality rate and excellent prognosis. However, a subset of patients that develops distant metastases presents with a high disease recurrence rate and poor prognosis and the disease may develop into anaplastic thyroid cancer with a fatal outcome (4,5). Therefore, research on the molecular mechanisms involved in thyroid carcinogenesis will facilitate the development of more effective therapy for this cancer.Ample evidence indicates that aging is the main risk factor for cancer, and most cancers are diagnosed in individuals over 55 years of age (6). Currently, Klotho has recently been identified as a new anti-aging gene and has gained much attention (7). Klotho (KL), a 1012-amino acid type I single-pass transmembrane protein, is widely expressed in various types of tissues, such as brain, kidney, various exocrine and endocrine tissues, including the thyroid gland (8-10). The Klotho gene is composed of 5 exons (8,11) and contains an intracellular domain and an extracellular domain. The extracellular domain of Klotho is composed of two d...

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Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: An overview

Cited by 88 publications

References 33 publications

Successful Treatment of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma with a Combination of Oral Valproic Acid, Chemotherapy, Radiation and Surgery

Successful Treatment of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma with a Combination of Oral Valproic Acid, Chemotherapy, Radiation and Surgery

Molecular Biology of Thyroid Cancer

Klotho inhibits human follicular thyroid cancer cell growth and promotes apoptosis through regulation of the expression of stanniocalcin-1

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