Background/Objectives: Mummy studies allow one to reconstruct the characteristic of a population in a specific spatiotemporal context, in terms of living conditions, pathologies, and death. Radiology represents an efficient diagnostic technique that is able to establish the preservation state of mummified organs and to estimate the patient’s pathological conditions. However, the radiological approach shows some limitations. Although bone structures are easy to differentiate, soft tissue components are much more challenging, especially when they overlap. For this reason, computed tomography, a well-established approach that achieves optimal image contrast and three-dimensional reconstruction, has been introduced. This original article focuses attention on the role of virtual dissection as a promising technology for exploring the anatomy of human mummy anatomy and considers the potential of environmental scanning electron microscopy and X-ray spectroscopy as complementary approaches that are useful to understand the state of the preservation of mummified remains. Methods: Ancient mummy corps have been analyzed through Anatomage Table 10 and environmental scanning electron microscope equipped with an X-ray spectrometer; Results: Anatomage Table 10, through various volumetric renderings, allows us to describe spine alteration due to osteoarthritis, dental state, and other clinical–pathological characteristics of different mummies. Environmental scanning electron microscopy, with the advantage of observing mummified samples without prior specimen preparation, details the state of tissue fragments. Skin, tendon and muscle show a preserved morphology and keratinocytes; collagen fibers and tendon structure are easily recognizable. Furthermore, X-ray spectrometry reveals, in our tissue remains, the presence of compounds related to soil contamination. This investigation identifies a plethora of organic and inorganic substances where the mummies were found, providing crucial information about the mummification environment. Conclusions: These morphological and analytical techniques make it possible to study mummified bodies and describe their anatomical details in real size, in a non-invasive and innovative way, demonstrating that these interdisciplinary approaches could have great potential for improving knowledge in the study of ancient corpses.
