Anatomic and sonographic features of the fetal skull.

Patel, Maitray D.; Swinford, Ann; Filly, Roy A.

doi:10.7863/jum.1994.13.4.251

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Reports on prenatal ultrasound examination of cranial sutures are relatively rare in the literature [2,[11][12][13] and the detection rates of craniosynostosis are low [14,15]. A retrospective study including 618 cases of isolated craniosynostosis revealed that only 2 cases (0.3%) were known to have been diagnosed prenatally [16].…”

Section: Prenatal Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Craniosynostosis: prenatal diagnosis by 2D/3D ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography.

et al. 2016

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Craniosynostosis is defined as the process of premature fusion of one or more of the cranial sutures. It is a common condition that occurs in about 1 to 2,000 live births. Craniosynostosis may be classified in primary or secondary. It is also classified as nonsyndromic or syndromic. According to suture commitment, craniosynostosis may affect a single suture or multiple sutures. There is a wide range of syndromes involving craniosynostosis and the most common are Apert, Pffeifer, Crouzon, Shaethre-Chotzen and Muenke syndromes. The underlying etiology of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis is unknown. Mutations in the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling pathway play a crucial role in the etiology of craniosynostosis syndromes. Prenatal ultrasound`s detection rate of craniosynostosis is low. Nowadays, different methods can be applied for prenatal diagnosis of craniosynostosis, such as two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) scan and, finally, molecular diagnosis. The presence of craniosynostosis may affect the birthing process. Fetuses with craniosynostosis also have higher rates of perinatal complications. In order to avoid the risks of untreated craniosynostosis, children are usually treated surgically soon after postnatal diagnosis.

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Section: Prenatal Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Craniosynostosis: prenatal diagnosis by 2D/3D ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography.

et al. 2016

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“…26 These might be misinterpreted as renal arteries in some planes. External genitalia can be clearly recognized by surface rendering, and complex malformations or developmental anomalies are diagnosed easily and much earlier than it was possible by he use of conventional ultrasound.…”

Section: Fetal Thorax and Abdomenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unfortunately, sometimes it is difficult to assess the structural continuity of the sutures and fontanels with 2D US in a single plane because of physiological cranial curvature. 26,27 In general, real time 2D imaging permits the recognition only of their parts, whereas final impression about their integrity is a matter of sonographer's abstract thinking. Three-dimensional surface rendering of the fetal neurocranium allows visualization of the sutures, fontanels and flat bones on a single reconstructed image.…”

Section: Fetal Head and Facementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, fetal skull anomalies such as craniosynostoses can be excluded in late first and early second trimesters of pregnancy. 26 Sutures and fontanels can be identified with 2D sonography, when experienced sonographers target them. Unfortunately, sometimes it is difficult to assess the structural continuity of the sutures and fontanels with 2D US in a single plane because of physiological cranial curvature.…”

Section: Fetal Head and Facementioning

confidence: 99%

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Three-dimensional Sonography in the Assessment of Normal Fetal Anatomy in Late Pregnancy

Ahmed¹,

Honemeyer²

2010

Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology

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Three-dimensional, multiplanar sonography, using a volume data set acquired with a 3D probe, has revolutionized ultrasonographic imaging and takes sonographers to a new perception of the fetus in 3 dimensions. Real time scanning, until the late nineties only possible in B-mode, can now be performed in 3D with up to 40 frames/sec. Fetal neurology emerged as a new perinatal research field with the 4D visualization of fetal behavior. Doppler ultrasound, diversified and refined from continuous wave and pulsed Doppler to Color – and Power Doppler, when added to 3D sonography, creates fascinating options of noninvasive fetal vascular mapping (sonoangiography) and vascular assessment of placenta. The diagnostic and demonstrative potential of an acquired 3D volume data set can be maxed with the help of postprocessing and rendering software. After storage, the evaluation of fetal 3D data sets can happen without the patient, with the option of specialist consultation, using telemedicine. In the article, the new 3D “modes” like surface rendering, maximum mode, 3D Color and Power Doppler, STIC, volume rendering, and glass body rendering, are described and illustrated in their display of normal fetal anatomy.

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“…Gynecol Obstet Invest 2000;49:12-16 13 geted by the sonographer [10]. However, it often is difficult to assess structural continuity of sutures and fontanelles with 2D sonography in a single plane owing to cranial curvature [11].…”

Section: D Sonography and Fetal Skeletonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional Sonographic Visualization of Fetal Skeleton in the Second Trimester of Pregnancy

Yanagihara

Hata²

2000

Gynecol Obstet Invest

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Purpose: To demonstrate the potential of using three-dimensional (3D) sonography to reveal anomalies of fetal skeleton. Materials and Methods: Forty-two normal fetuses and 3 anencephalic fetuses from 14 to 27 weeks’ gestation were studied with a specially developed abdominal 3D transducer (3.5 MHz). This imaging system provided conventional two-dimensional (2D) sonographic images and also generated within seconds high-quality 3D images in the surface and transparent mode with no need for an external workstation. Results: Using this imaging system, we obtained 2D and 3D images of fetal skeleton (skull, scapula, spine, rib, humerus, ulna/radius, pelvis, femur, and tibia/fibra) at two gestational ages. The percentages of fetal skeletal visualization at less than 20 weeks of gestation using 3D sonography were 78–100%, whereas those with 2D sonography were all 100%. The percentages of skeletal structures revealed after 20 weeks’ gestation using 3D sonography were 82–100%, whereas those with 2D sonography were all 100%. We found no significant differences in detection rates of the fetal skeleton between 2D and 3D sonography. However, 3D sonographic images generally provided a more comprehensive view of the fetal skeleton than did conventional 2D sonography. In 2 cases with anencephaly, 3D sonography clearly revealed the defect of cranium. Conclusion: The new 3D sonographic technology can generate within seconds high-quality 3D images of the fetal skeleton. The 3D technology seems to perform at least as well as conventional 2D sonography. Our results suggest that 3D sonography has the potential to supplement 2D sonography and might be useful in identifying malformations of the fetal skeleton and chromosomal abnormalities in utero.

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Anatomic and sonographic features of the fetal skull.

Cited by 18 publications

References 1 publication

Craniosynostosis: prenatal diagnosis by 2D/3D ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography.

Craniosynostosis: prenatal diagnosis by 2D/3D ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography.

Three-dimensional Sonography in the Assessment of Normal Fetal Anatomy in Late Pregnancy

Three-Dimensional Sonographic Visualization of Fetal Skeleton in the Second Trimester of Pregnancy

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