Anatomic Brain Imaging Studies of Normal and Abnormal Brain Development in Children and Adolescents

Giedd, Jay N.; Shaw, Philip; Wallace, Gregory L.; Gogtay, Nitin; Lenroot, Rhoshel

doi:10.1002/9780470939390.ch3

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 512 publications

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“…Anomalies of these structures have been reported for almost all neuropsychiatric disorders that have been investigated by neuroimaging (Giedd et al, 2006).…”

Section: Subcorticalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Child Psychiatry Branch of the National Institute of Mental Health Longitudinal Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Human Brain Development

Giedd

Raznahan

Alexander-Bloch

et al. 2014

Neuropsychopharmacol

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292

213

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The advent of magnetic resonance imaging, which safely allows in vivo quantification of anatomical and physiological features of the brain, has revolutionized pediatric neuroscience. Longitudinal studies are useful for the characterization of developmental trajectories (ie, changes in imaging measures by age). Developmental trajectories (as opposed to static measures) have proven to have greater power in discriminating healthy from clinical groups and in predicting cognitive/ behavioral measures, such as IQ. Here we summarize results from an ongoing longitudinal pediatric neuroimaging study that has been conducted at the Child Psychiatry Branch of the National Institute of Mental Health since 1989. Developmental trajectories of structural MRI brain measures from healthy youth are compared and contrasted with trajectories in attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and childhood-onset schizophrenia. Across ages 5-25 years, in both healthy and clinical populations, white matter volumes increase and gray matter volumes follow an inverted U trajectory, with peak size occurring at different times in different regions. At a group level, differences related to psychopathology are seen for gray and white matter volumes, rates of change, and for interconnectedness among disparate brain regions.

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“…Anomalies of these structures have been reported for almost all neuropsychiatric disorders that have been investigated by neuroimaging (Giedd et al, 2006).…”

Section: Subcorticalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Child Psychiatry Branch of the National Institute of Mental Health Longitudinal Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Human Brain Development

Giedd

Raznahan

Alexander-Bloch

et al. 2014

Neuropsychopharmacol

Self Cite

292

213

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…No significant differences were observed in the isthmus (CC4) with either measurement technique, as in previous studies (e.g. Giedd et al ., ). The measurements derived from the 3D method show that the rate of callosal growth over a 4‐year span is significantly higher in the youngest age group (< 7 years) in the rostrum, genu, anterior body (CC1) and splenium (C5).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Callosal development was investigated in a large sample of children and adolescents with a new 3D template of the CC, and compared with traditional 2D CC area measurements. Although previous reports of the development of this key brain structure over the lifespan have been published (Giedd et al ., ; Lenroot & Giedd, ; Lebel & Beaulieu, ), the current study addresses some of the limitations of past research by providing a 3D approach. In addition, the large, representative sample of participants used in the current study provides greater statistical power to examine rates of growth across childhood and adolescence, a developmental period of particular importance for the maturation and myelination of white matter structures (Barnea‐Goraly et al ., ; Uddin et al ., ; Lebel et al ., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new template to study callosal growth shows specific growth in anterior and posterior regions of the corpus callosum in early childhood

Ansado

Collins

Fonov

et al. 2015

Eur J of Neuroscience

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Most of the studies conducted on the development of the corpus callosum (CC) have been limited to a relatively simple assessment of callosal area, providing an estimation of the size of the CC in two dimensions rather than its actual measurement. The goal of this study was to revisit callosal development in childhood and adolescence by using a three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance imaging template of the CC that considers the horizontal width of the CC and compares this with the two-dimensional (2D) callosal area. We mapped callosal growth in a large sample of youths followed longitudinally (N = 370 at T1; N = 304 at T2; and N = 246 at T3). Both techniques were based on a five-section subdivision of the CC. The results obtained with the 3D method revealed that the rate of CC growth over a 4-year period in the rostrum, the genu, the anterior body and the splenium was significantly higher in the youngest age group (< 7 years) than in older groups, indicating an intense period of development in early childhood for the anterior and posterior parts of the CC. Similar results were obtained when 2D callosal area was used for the anterior and posterior parts of the CC. However, divergent results were found in the mid-body and the caudal body of the CC. As shown by differences between 2D estimations and actual 3D measurements of callosal growth, our study highlights the importance of considering the horizontal width in measuring developmental changes in the CC.

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“…In a body of work containing over 300 publications, the size, shape, and/or developmental trajectory of the CC have been examined with respect to age, sexual dimorphism, and cognitive/behavioral correlates in typical and atypical development (Giedd et al, 2006). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved corpus callosum area measurements by analysis of adjoining parasagittal slices

Wade

Stockman

McLaughlin

et al. 2013

Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging

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The corpus callosum (CC) is a bundle of approximately 180 million axons connecting homologous areas of the left and right cerebral cortex. Because CC projections are topographically organized, regional CC morphological abnormalities may reflect regional cortical developmental abnormalities. We assess the variance characteristics of three CC area measurement techniques by comparing a single midsagittal slice versus three slices (midsagittal plus one parasagittal on each side) and five slices (midsagittal plus two parasagittal on each side). CC images were partitioned into five subregions using the Hofer–Frahm scheme under the three methods and variance was examined via two complementary data sets. In the first, to control for intersubject variability, 12 scans were acquired from a single subject over the course of 3 h. In the second, we used scans from 56 healthy male volunteers between the ages of 10 and 27 years (mean=17.47, S.D.=3.42). Increasing the number of slices from one to three to five diminished the coefficient of variation (CV) within subregions and increased the power to detect differences between groups. A power analysis was conducted for the sample under each method to determine the sample size necessary to discern a given percent change (delta) ranging from 1 to 20% iteratively.

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Anatomic Brain Imaging Studies of Normal and Abnormal Brain Development in Children and Adolescents

Cited by 7 publications

References 512 publications

Child Psychiatry Branch of the National Institute of Mental Health Longitudinal Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Human Brain Development

Child Psychiatry Branch of the National Institute of Mental Health Longitudinal Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Human Brain Development

A new template to study callosal growth shows specific growth in anterior and posterior regions of the corpus callosum in early childhood

Improved corpus callosum area measurements by analysis of adjoining parasagittal slices

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