Anatomic correlation of left atrial appendage by 3-dimensional echocardiography

Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography of the atrial septal defects

“…It has been demonstrated that 3D-TEE is an useful non-invasive tool for evaluating defects of atrial tabication and other anatomical details [ 11 ], and it has a better anatomic correlation with matched anatomic specimens than with the corresponding 2D images alone [ 10 ]. With 3D images there was a better spatial appreciation of the surrounding structures providing a more "realistic" conceptualization of the cardiac anatomy, particularly with structures located at different tomographic planes [ 6 , 12 ], and it's dynamic changes during the cardiac cycle [ 13 ]. Irregularities in shape of the ASDs can lead to residual shunting that, as in the case of figure 1 , may require overlapping septal occlusion devices to treat it [ 14 ].…”

“…Although live/real time three-dimensional (3D) transthoracic and TEE have been recently introduced to the echocardiography armamentarium [ 4 , 5 ], off-line technique allows the use of higher spatial resolution transducers for image acquisition improving anatomical details definition [ 6 ]. The emergence of new therapeutic options for ASDs demands accurate delineation of their morphology and anatomical relationships [ 7 ].…”

Epidemiological analysis of the congenital heart disease in adults

“…The physical examination is of the utmost importance that must include a thorough evaluation of the auscultatory findings, changes in blood pressure in the development of heart failure. 10 The development in recent years of the echocardiography for the assessment of patients with CHD, its use in surgical areas cardiovascular and hemodynamic interventionism, has offered a significant improvement in the diagnosis and management of this group of patients. 11 The echocardiography in its different modalities, results in the diagnostic method of choice in patients with CHD, because it allows you to perform an anatomical and functional assessment of these pathologies, in addition to being a non-invasive, reproducible, and low-cost, despite the fact that the volumes are overestimated in comparison with the Bland-Altman analysis of 25 patients, showed a better clinical correlation with ventricular function using magnetic resonance that through the 3rd dimensional echocardiography.…”

Contemporary echocardiographic assessment of atrial appendages in non-valvular atrial fibrillation

“…This often causes inaccuracy of linear and volumetric measurements, as well as their insufficient reproducibility. Planimetric measurements of LAA size and function are time-consuming and may not provide additional benefits compared to conventional imaging [17,29].…”