Anatomical characterization of the brachial plexus in dog cadavers and comparison of three blind techniques for blockade

Skelding, Alicia; Valverde, Alexander; Sinclair, Melissa; Thomason, J. J.; Moens, Noël M. M.

doi:10.1016/j.vaa.2017.11.002

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The results of this study confirmed that the ventral branches of the C6 to T1 spinal nerves contributed to the canine brachial plexus while no contribution from the ventral branches of the C5 and T2 spinal nerves was observed. These results were in accordance with those obtained by Skelding and colleagues [ 21 ] in their anatomical study on canine cadavers. Previous studies have demonstrated that the ventral branches of the C5 and T2 spinal nerves might also contribute to the formation of the brachial plexus in dogs, even if their contribution was not consistent in all dogs or appeared to be slight, with the most important contribution being provided by C6-T1 [ 22 , 23 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…In this study, the depth of each nerve root from the skin was evaluated. The aim of the evaluation of the depth of the T1 from the skin at the level of the shoulder joint was to identify the caudal landmark of the brachial plexus when approached at the axillary level, as previously described by Skelding and colleagues [ 21 ]. The procedure carried out for evaluating the distance of the nerve roots from the skin of the interscapular region simulated a paravertebral block of the brachial plexus [ 7 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Update on the anatomy of the brachial plexus in dogs: Body weight correlation and contralateral comparison in a cadaveric study

et al. 2023

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A thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the brachial plexus is pivotal for diagnostic, therapeutic and anaesthetic purposes in order to correctly locate the nerve and reduce the incidence of complications when performing surgery or a local anaesthetic block of the brachial plexus. In this study, the anatomy of the brachial plexus in dogs was reviewed; the depth and diameter of each nerve were evaluated, and the contralateral limbs were compared. Eighteen canine cadavers were included and were divided into: small (SB); medium (MB) and large (LB) breed dogs. After dissection, the spinal roots and the suprascapular, subscapular, axillary, radial, ulnar, median, and musculocutaneous nerves were identified. The following evaluations were recorded: the origin of the nerves from the spinal roots, the roots and the nerve diameters, and the distance of the nerves root from the skin at the level of the scapula-humeral joint and from the interscapular region. A total of thirty-six brachial plexuses were evaluated; all originated from the ventral rami of the C6 to T1 spinal nerves. In the LB dogs, the root and the nerve diameters were larger as compared with the other two groups. In this group, also the mean distance of T1 from the skin at the level of the scapula-humeral joint and the average distance of the nerve roots from the skin of the interscapular region were also greater as compared with the other groups. No significant differences were recorded between the contralateral limbs. In the dogs in the present study, the origin of the nerves of the brachial plexus were similar to those previously reported; however, the presence of minor individual variations was confirmed between the right and the left limbs within the same dog between the right and the left limb. This is the first time that the diameters and the depth of the nerves have been described and positively correlated with body weight.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on the anatomy of the brachial plexus in dogs: Body weight correlation and contralateral comparison in a cadaveric study

et al. 2023

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“…The brachial plexus in the puma was formed by ventral interconnections from the last three cervical nerve segments and the first thoracic nerve, which is similar to that in domestic mammals as the dog (Skelding et al, 2018) and the cat (Aubert et al, 2004; Dellmann & McClure; 2001; Nur et al, 2020; Reighard & Jennings, 1902), and another wild felid as the ocelot ( Leopardus pardalis ) and the Geoffroy's cat ( Leopardus geoffroyi ) (Chagas et al, 2014; Souza Junior et al, 2018). Nevertheless, the second thoracic ventral branch also contributes to the brachial plexus in some dogs and cats (Bowne, 1959; Ghoshal & Magilton, 1972; Hudson, 2017; Mencalha et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Anatomical description of the origin and distribution of the brachial plexus to the antebrachium in one puma (Puma concolor) (Linnaeus, 1771)

Barreto‐Mejía

Ceballos

Tamayo-Arango

2021

Anat Histol Embryol

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The knowledge of the anatomy of the brachial plexus in animals is of great importance due to its applicability in clinical, diagnostic and surgical procedures. The objective of the present study was to describe the anatomy of the brachial plexus in the puma. The results demonstrate a broad anatomical similarity with other felines; however, some differences were found. The formation of the brachial plexus in the puma occurred from the ventral interconnections of the last three cervical nerve segments and the first thoracic (C6, C7, C8 and T1). The N. suprascapularis emerges from C6, innervating the M. supraspinatus, the M. infraspinatus, and also the M. cleidobrachialis, the latter by a smaller branch. We found an independent branch emerging from C6 that innervates the M. serratus ventralis cervicis, not reported in other species. The innervation territory of the N. axillary includes the M. cleidobrachialis. The M. teres major was not innervated by the axillary nerve, but by an entirely independent branch that came from C6 and C7, and that also innervated the most caudal part of the M. subscapularis.

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“…In cases where several days have passed after MRI imaging, the rate of progression of myelomalacia could not be determined accurately. In dogs, musculocutaneous nerves originate from C 7 and C 8 , the radial nerve from C 8 and the median and ulnar nerves from C 8 and T 1 [30]. Therefore, in cases operated more than 24 hours after MRI, the cranial extent of operation was set to T3 in cases with paresis of the thoracic limbs and set to T1 in cases with plegia of the thoracic limbs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outcomes of extensive hemilaminectomy with durotomy on dogs with presumptive progressive myelomalacia: a retrospective study on 34 cases

Hirano

Asahina

Hirano³

et al. 2020

BMC Vet Res

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Background Progressive myelomalacia (PMM) is a fatal complication of progressive ascending and descending necrosis of the spinal cord after acute spinal cord injury. A recent study suggested that extensive hemilaminectomy with durotomy (EHLD) at the intramedullary T2-hyperintense region which performed immediately after magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) improved the survival rate in dogs with presumptive PMM. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the effects of EHLD on halting the progression of PMM in dogs presumptively diagnosed with PMM which had the interval between MRI and surgery. Results Thirty-four dogs with presumptive PMM which had undergone EHLD with the delay following MRI examination (range, 0 to 3 days) were included. The cranial side of EHLD was set depending on the delay time after MRI, MRI findings, neurological examination and intraoperative macroscopic appearance. Two weeks after surgery, the perioperative survival rate was 97% (33/34). During follow-up with a median time period of 82.5 weeks (range, 0-290 weeks), the postoperative survival rate was 91% (31/34). At the end of the follow-up period, 31 out of 34 dogs were alive without severe postoperative complications while the remaining 2 dogs died from causes not directly attributable to the surgery. There was no improvement in the pelvic limb function of all dogs. Conclusions EHLD appears to be effective in halting the progression of presumptive PMM and preventing morbidity even in dogs which had the interval between MRI and EHLD. Our algorithm of determining the range of EHLD may enable to set the appropriate ranges of EHLD in the cases which develop signs consistent with PMM after MRI examination.

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Anatomical characterization of the brachial plexus in dog cadavers and comparison of three blind techniques for blockade

Cited by 8 publications

References 15 publications

Update on the anatomy of the brachial plexus in dogs: Body weight correlation and contralateral comparison in a cadaveric study

Update on the anatomy of the brachial plexus in dogs: Body weight correlation and contralateral comparison in a cadaveric study

Anatomical description of the origin and distribution of the brachial plexus to the antebrachium in one puma (Puma concolor) (Linnaeus, 1771)

Outcomes of extensive hemilaminectomy with durotomy on dogs with presumptive progressive myelomalacia: a retrospective study on 34 cases

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