Anatomical findings in the hands of patients with Polandʼs syndrome.

Bone lengthening for congenital differences of the hands and digits in children

“…In cases of symbrachydactyly the indications for lengthening should be determined after careful consideration. There are varied opinions about the cause of this disease 16,17 and no definitive cause for this deformity has been clarified yet. Nevertheless there is no doubt that the onset of this disease occurs early in fetal development, before major organogenesis has occurred.…”

Poland's syndrome: a review of 23 cases

“…Not until 1962 was Poland's name mentioned in connection with this combination of anomalies [4,5,8,11,14,15,18,22,25,26,27]. The condition is mostly estimated to be three times more common in males than in females [14,18,25].…”

“…Entire digits and metacarpals may be absent. The entire hand, wrist, and forearm may be hypoplastic and, in more severe cases, the arm, clavicle, and scapula as well [4,6,11,14,18,22,23,26]. Complete absence of the pectoralis major muscle is rare.…”

“…Anomalies associated with Poland's syndrome are scoliosis, Möbius' syndrome, Sprengel's deformity, renal hypoplasia and aplasia, spherocytosis, leukemia, lymphoma, and pectus excavatum or carinatum [4,11,14,18,22,25,26,27]. In patients with left-sided Poland's syndrome, an increased incidence of dextrocardia has been described [17].…”

“…The costal head is the primordium of the pectoralis minor muscle and the sternocostal head of the pectoralis major muscle. These two separate by the seventh week of gestation [11,18,22,25,26]. The etiology of the developmental disorder is as yet unknown.…”