Anatomical Landmarks and Age-Related Changes in Edentulous Patients

Accuracy and time efficiency of conventional and digital outlining of extensions of denture foundation on preliminary casts

“…This zone includes several muscles such as buccinator, orbicularis oris, and levator angulioris, which together create a knot defined as “modiolus”. 17 The higher presence of the muscle insertions and the requirement to contour the labial frenulum overhang are challenges, when maxillary denture foundation was outlined, justifying the inaccuracy of the digital method for this region. In this study, sufficient accuracy was found for the mandibular posterior area, specifically from the retromolar pad to the buccal frenulum.…”

“…The retromolar pad is important for the support and the peripheral seal. 17 However, the residual ridge is generally resorbed in this area and the surroundings of the buccal frenulum, hindering the precision of the outline. Although the buccal frenulum is a tendon attachment of the buccinator muscle, the outlining of denture bearing area extension becomes more difficult because this anatomical landmark is not commonly seen on edentulous ridges.…”

“… 11 12 13 14 15 The border may be designed 2 mm to 3 mm shorter than the intended denture foundation, checking the muscle insertions clearance to allow the final impression and to avoid overextension or adjustments in the custom trays. 16 17 The same principles should be applied to a digital technique to avoid unfavorable denture bearing areas that jeopardize the prognosis of the prosthetic treatment.…”