Anatomical Locations of Human Brown Adipose Tissue

Sacks, Harold S.; Symonds, Michael

doi:10.2337/db12-1430

Cited by 230 publications

(166 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(103 reference statements)

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“…For areas of WAT, gluteal fat depots were evaluated because they are definable in every patient, and we expected to find exclusively WAT in the gluteal fat depots (3,29). For every dataset with 18 F-FDG-avid supraclavicular fat depots, regions of interest (ROIs) were placed in the PET dataset bilaterally into the supraclavicular fat depots, automatically delineating the shape of the 18 F-FDG-avid fat depots (50% isocontour).…”

Section: Image Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrimination Between Brown and White Adipose Tissue Using a 2-Point Dixon Water–Fat Separation Method in Simultaneous PET/MRI

et al. 2015

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The purpose of the study was to evaluate signal-fat-fraction (SFF) analysis based on a 2-point-Dixon water-fat separation method in whole-body simultaneous PET/MR imaging for identifying brown adipose tissue (BAT) and discriminating it from white adipose tissue (WAT) using cross-validation via PET. Methods: This retrospective, internal review board-approved study evaluated 66 PET/MR imaging examinations of 33 pediatric patients (mean age, 14.7 y; range, 7.4-21.4 y). Eleven elderly patients were evaluated as controls (mean age, 79.9 y; range, 76.3-88.6 y). Pediatric patients were divided into 2 groups: with and without metabolically active supraclavicular BAT. The standard of reference for the presence of BAT was at least 1 PET examination showing 18 F-FDG uptake. PET/MR imaging included a 2-point Dixon water-fat separation method. Signal intensities in regions of interest on fat and water images and mean standardized uptake values (SUV mean ) were determined bilaterally in supraclavicular and gluteal fat depots. SFF was calculated from the ratio of fat signal over summed water and fat signal. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Student t test and correlation analysis. Results: SFF was significantly lower (P , 0.0001) in supraclavicular BAT than gluteal WAT in all pediatric subjects. Supraclavicular SFF was significantly higher in the control than in the pediatric group (P , 0.0001). In PET-positive patients with multiple examinations, SFF stayed stable whereas SUV mean fluctuated (median intraindividual change, 5% vs. 91%). No significant correlation between SUV mean and SFF could be observed for BAT. Conclusion:The results demonstrate that MR imaging-SFF analysis is a reproducible imaging modality for the detection of human BAT and discrimination from WAT. SFF values of BAT are independent from its metabolic activity, making SFF a more reliable parameter for BAT than the commonly used PET signal. However, with the intent to investigate both the composition of BAT and its activation status, hybrid PET/MR imaging might provide supplemental information.

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Section: Image Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrimination Between Brown and White Adipose Tissue Using a 2-Point Dixon Water–Fat Separation Method in Simultaneous PET/MRI

et al. 2015

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“…101 Humans also possess various small BAT depots including around organs such as kidney and heart, and in other subcutaneous depots such as under the arms. 98,102 Whether or not humans can boost their available BAT mass was previously unclear, but two recent studies have demonstrated that cold acclimation in humans, after repeated daily cold exposure, elevates BAT volume and activity, and increases energy expenditure. 103,104 In additional, mice are often housed at a room temperature that is not thermoneutrality for them, forcing them to undergo thermogenesis at room temperature in order to maintain their body temperature.…”

Section: Human Vs Mouse Batmentioning

confidence: 99%

Of mice and men: novel insights regarding constitutive and recruitable brown adipocytes

2015

Int J Obes Supp

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Recently, there has been great attention given to the possibility of combating obesity by targeting brown fat activity or increasing differentiation of brown adipocytes in white fat depots through a process termed 'browning'. Sympathetic innervation of brown and white adipose tissues provides adrenergic input that drives thermogenesis and regulates fatty acid metabolism, as well as stimulating adipogenesis of recruitable brown adipocyte tissue (rBAT, also known as beige or brite) in white fat. Other factors acting in an endocrine or autocrine/paracrine manner in adipose tissue may also stimulate browning. There have been significant recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of increasing adipose tissue energy expenditure, as well as how brown adipocytes appear in white fat depots, including via de novo adipogenesis from tissue precursor cells. In this article, we integrate this new knowledge with a historical perspective on the discovery of 'browning'. We also provide an overview of constitutive BAT vs rBAT in mouse and human.

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“…Because developmental lineage tracing is not possible in humans, debate continues about the "brownness" of human adipose depots [15,16]. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that a number of human adipose depots have characteristics somewhere on the spectrum of beige/brite fat, including perivascular fat, epicardial fat, and the fat surrounding the kidneys, pancreas, and liver [17]. In addition to their more systemic roles in thermogenesis and whole-body energy metabolism, these depots are thought to contribute locally to the metabolic health and function of the tissues they surround [18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epimuscular Fat in the Human Rotator Cuff Is a Novel Beige Depot

Meyer

Gibbons

Sato

et al. 2015

Stem Cells Translational Medicine

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Chronic rotator cuff (RC) tears are a common and debilitating injury, characterized by dramatic expansion of adipose tissue, muscle atrophy, and limited functional recovery. The role of adipose expansion in RC pathology is unknown; however, given the identified paracrine/endocrine regulation by other adipose depots, it likely affects tissue function outside its boundaries. Therefore, we characterized the epimuscular (EM) fat depot of the human rotator cuff, defined its response to RC tears, and evaluated its influence on myogenesis in vitro. EM fat biopsies exhibited morphological and functional features of human beige fat compared with patient-matched s.c. biopsies, which appeared whiter. The transcriptional profile of EM fat and isolated EM adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) shifted as a function of the tear state; EM fat from intact cuffs had significantly elevated expression of the genes associated with uncoupled respiration, and the EM fat from torn cuffs had increased expression of beige-selective genes. EM ASC cocultures with human-and mouse-derived myogenic cells exhibited increased levels of myogenesis compared with s.c. cultures. Increased fusion and decreased proliferation of myogenic cells, rather than changes to the ASCs, were found to underlie this effect. Taken together, these data suggest that EM fat in the human rotator cuff is a novel beige adipose depot influenced by cuff state with therapeutic potential for promoting myogenesis in neighboring musculature. STEM CELLS TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015;4:764-774 SIGNIFICANCERotator cuff tears affect millions of people in the U.S.; however, current interventions are hindered by persistent muscle degeneration. This study identifies the therapeutic potential for muscle recovery in the epimuscular fat in the rotator cuff, previously considered a negative feature of the pathology, and finds that this fat is beige, rather than white. This is important for two reasons. First, the stem cells that were isolated from this beige fat are more myogenic than those from white fat, which have been the focus of stem cell-based therapies to date, suggesting epimuscular fat could be a better stem cell source to augment rotator cuff repair. Second, these beige stem cells promote myogenesis in neighboring cells in culture, suggesting the potential for this fat to be manipulated therapeutically to promote muscle recovery through secreted signals.

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Anatomical Locations of Human Brown Adipose Tissue

Cited by 230 publications

References 47 publications

Discrimination Between Brown and White Adipose Tissue Using a 2-Point Dixon Water–Fat Separation Method in Simultaneous PET/MRI

Discrimination Between Brown and White Adipose Tissue Using a 2-Point Dixon Water–Fat Separation Method in Simultaneous PET/MRI

Of mice and men: novel insights regarding constitutive and recruitable brown adipocytes

Epimuscular Fat in the Human Rotator Cuff Is a Novel Beige Depot

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