Anatomical predictions of hearing in the North Atlantic right whale

Parks, Susan E.; Ketten, Darlene R.; O’Malley, Jennifer T.; Arruda, Julie

doi:10.1002/ar.20527

Cited by 49 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…For baleen whales there are no direct data on hearing but combined evidence from behavioural observations, studies of calls and cochlear anatomy suggests that they are sensitive to frequencies from 7 Hz to 22 kHz (Southall et al, 2007;Parks et al, 2007).…”

Section: Aquatic Mammalsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Comparative aspects of cochlear functional organization in mammals

Vater

Kössl²

2011

Hearing Research

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Section: Aquatic Mammalsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Comparative aspects of cochlear functional organization in mammals

Vater

Kössl²

2011

Hearing Research

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“…The organs rest on the basilar membrane (see Glossary, Box 1), which is ~25 mm long in humans and extends to over 60 mm in elephants and whales (Parks et al, 2007;Ulehlova et al, 1987;West, 1985). By contrast, the width of the sensory epithelium is narrow, ranging from only ~0.1-0.3 mm in mammals and birds (Gleich et al, 2004;Wever et al, 1971).…”

Section: Establishing Gradients and Boundaries In The Developing Cochleamentioning

confidence: 99%

Shaping sound in space: the regulation of inner ear patterning

2012

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There was an error in Development 139, 245-257.On p. 252, in the second paragraph of the section 'Establishing gradients and boundaries in the developing cochlea', it should read 'In adults…from high (basal) to low (apical).'The authors apologise to readers for this mistake. Development 139, 826 (2012) so is not yet available in most cases. This review will summarize recent findings on the identity of these signaling and morphogen molecules and how they are coordinated in space and time to generate the tissue and cellular architecture of the ear. From placode to ear -how graded signals turn ectoderm into the inner earThe entire inner ear and its associated sensory ganglia derive from the otic placode (see Glossary, Box 1). It is one of a series of cranial placodes that collectively give rise to all craniofacial sensory organs, the lens and a subset of cranial ganglia (Baker and Bronner-Fraser, 2001;Schlosser, 2010). The precursors of different placodes are distributed in an anterior-posterior (AP) sequence around the rostral neural plate (see Glossary, Box 1) termed the pre-placodal domain (PPD) (Schlosser, 2006;Streit, 2007). The PPD is induced by signals, such as FGFs, from both the neural plate and the underlying cranial mesoderm, and inhibition of both Wnt and BMP signaling is required to correctly position the PPD at the neural plate border and to prevent it from extending into the embryonic trunk (Kwon et al., 2010;Litsiou et al., 2005).It is now well established that FGF signals are both necessary and sufficient to induce early otic placode markers from competent pre-placodal ectoderm (Fig. 2) (Ohyama et al., 2007;Schimmang, 2007), although both the location of the FGF signals and the specific FGFs responsible for otic induction vary from species to species. The earliest markers of the future inner ear that are induced in response to FGF signaling are members of the paired homeoboxcontaining Pax2/5/8 transcription factor family -Pax8 in anamniotes and Pax2 in amniotes (Groves and Bronner-Fraser, 2000;Heller and Brandli, 1999;Ohyama and Groves, 2004;Pfeffer et al., 1998). Fate-mapping studies in mice and chick have suggested that although the Pax2-expressing domain is likely to contain all the progenitors of the inner ear, it also harbors cells that will give rise to the epibranchial placodes (see Glossary, Box 1) and epidermis (Ohyama and Groves, 2004;Ohyama et al., 2007;Streit, 2001). This Pax2-expressing progenitor domain has been termed the pre-otic field or the otic-epibranchial progenitor domain (OEPD) (Ladher et al., 2000;Freter et al., 2008).The refinement of the OEPD into distinct otic, epibranchial and epidermal territories is regulated by graded Wnt signals emanating from the midline (Fig. 2) (Ohyama et al., 2006). Examination of the cranial region of Wnt reporter mice revealed that OEPD cells closest to the neural plate, which are fated to form the otic placode, receive high levels of Wnt signaling, whereas more lateral OEPD cells, fated to form epidermis and the epibranchial placodes, receiv...

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“…As traditional behavioral or physiological hearing tests are not feasible with right whales, a functional model was developed based upon the ear anatomy. Parks et al (2007, this issue) examined right whale ears by means of histologic measurements of the basilar membrane and 2D and 3D computerized tomography reconstructions of the cochlea. An estimated hearing range of 10 Hz-22 kHz based on established marine mammal models was obtained.…”

Section: Brain Eye and Communication Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomical adaptations of aquatic mammals

Reidenberg

2007

The Anatomical Record

118

105

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This special issue of the Anatomical Record explores many of the anatomical adaptations exhibited by aquatic mammals that enable life in the water. Anatomical observations on a range of fossil and living marine and freshwater mammals are presented, including sirenians (manatees and dugongs), cetaceans (both baleen whales and toothed whales, including dolphins and porpoises), pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses), the sea otter, and the pygmy hippopotamus. A range of anatomical systems are covered in this issue, including the external form (integument, tail shape), nervous system (eye, ear, brain), musculoskeletal systems (cranium, mandible, hyoid, vertebral column, flipper/forelimb), digestive tract (teeth/tusks/baleen, tongue, stomach), and respiratory tract (larynx). Emphasis is placed on exploring anatomical function in the context of aquatic life. The following topics are addressed: evolution, sound production, sound reception, feeding, locomotion, buoyancy control, thermoregulation, cognition, and behavior. A variety of approaches and techniques are used to examine and characterize these adaptations, ranging from dissection, to histology, to electron microscopy, to two-dimensional (2D) and 3D computerized tomography, to experimental field tests of function. The articles in this issue are a blend of literature review and new, hypothesis-driven anatomical research, which highlight the special nature of anatomical form and function in aquatic mammals that enables their exquisite adaptation for life in such a challenging environment. Key words: aquatic; adaptation; anatomy; marine mammal; sirenian; cetacean; pinniped; evolution Aquatic life poses many challenges for mammals that were originally adapted for life on land. As the evolutionary process of natural selection can only apply to modifying present structures, aquatic mammals bring a lot of terrestrial baggage to their aquatic existence. For one thing, they do not breathe water as fish do. Therefore, respiratory tract modifications are necessary to protect a system designed to function in air while excluding the ever-present surrounding water. Many of these adaptations have been previously described, for example, valvular nostrils that exclude water, and an intranarial larynx (Reidenberg and Laitman, 1987) that further protects the respiratory tract from water inundation during swallowing. Diving presents additional challenges, as ambient pressure rises with increased depth. Lung volumes collapse under the high pressures of a deep dive (Boyd, 1975;Ridgway and Howard, 1979). A jointed, collapsible rib cage allows compression of the thorax to accommodate the shrinking lungs. Skeletal muscles are adapted to maintain low levels of aerobic metabolism under the hypoxic conditions associated with diving (Kanatous

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Anatomical predictions of hearing in the North Atlantic right whale

Cited by 49 publications

References 27 publications

Comparative aspects of cochlear functional organization in mammals

Comparative aspects of cochlear functional organization in mammals

Shaping sound in space: the regulation of inner ear patterning

Anatomical adaptations of aquatic mammals

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