Anatomical study of the posterior cruciate ligament with the knee flexed at 90°

Cho, Daniel Kyubin; Rosa, Sthéphano Pellizzaro; Prestes, Guilherme Bello; Cunha, Luiz Antônio Munhoz da; Moura, Márcio Fernando Aparecido de; Filho, Edmar Stieven

doi:10.1016/j.rboe.2014.08.003

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Much of the literature has focused on biomechanical and functional outcomes when comparing various PCLR techniques. 7,12,22,31,41,48 However, there is a growing body of information regarding patient function following isolated PCLR, including whether patients can expect RTS following surgery. The aim of this study was to systematically review and synthesize the literature to determine the functional outcome and rate of RTS and activity following isolated PCLR.…”

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Isolated Posterior Cruciate Reconstruction Results in Improved Functional Outcome but Low Rates of Return to Preinjury Level of Sport: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Devitt

Dissanayake

Clair

et al. 2018

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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Background:Although isolated posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (PCLR) has become a more frequently performed procedure, reports of functional outcomes and return-to-sport (RTS) rates to support its use are still limited.Purpose:To systematically review the literature to determine the rates of RTS and the functional outcomes of patients after isolated PCLR.Study Design:Systematic review: Level of evidence, 4.Methods:Two reviewers independently searched 5 databases for patient-based clinical studies with a minimum 2-year follow-up that analyzed functional outcome and RTS following isolated PCLR. Studies with multiligament knee reconstruction were excluded. Risk of bias was performed with a modified Downs and Black checklist. The primary outcomes were Tegner and Lysholm scores, rates of RTS, and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective scores. Secondary outcomes were IKDC objective scores, instrumented knee laxity assessment, and Telos radiographic analysis. Where feasible, these data were pooled via a random effects meta-analysis model.Results:Of the 240 titles identified, 14 studies were included. The median time from injury to surgery was 10.6 months (range, 6 weeks–21 years). The pooled mean postoperative Tegner and Lysholm scores were 5.7 (95% CI, 5.4-6.0) and 87.8 (95% CI, 85.6-90.0), respectively, following isolated PCLR; the pooled effect size between pre- and postoperative values was 2.8 (95% CI, 1.6-4.0) and 3.7 (95% CI, 2.6-4.9), respectively. An RTS rate of 44% (95% CI, 23%-66%) was identified. IKDC subjective scores improved to a pooled mean of 73.5 (95% CI, 62.8-84.1), with an effect size of 3.0 (95% CI, 0.4-5.6). The proportion of patients with postoperative IKDC objective scores of grade A/B was 82%. The pooled postoperative KT-1000/KT-2000 side-to-side difference was 3.4 mm (95% CI, 2.5-4.3 mm), with an effect size of 2.8 (95% CI, 1.1-4.5). The pooled postoperative Telos side-to-side difference measurement was 3.5 mm (95% CI, 2.8-4.3 mm), with an effect size of 3.9 (95% CI, 3.3-4.5).Conclusion:The results of this review demonstrate that while isolated PCLR results in a significant improvement in functional outcome scores and improved knee laxity, there is a low rate of return to preinjury level of sport. The prolonged period from injury to surgery might reduce functional improvement and RTS following reconstruction. Therefore, comparison of the outcomes of isolated PCLR and nonoperative treatment is impracticable owing to the potential for selection bias.

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confidence: 99%

Isolated Posterior Cruciate Reconstruction Results in Improved Functional Outcome but Low Rates of Return to Preinjury Level of Sport: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Devitt

Dissanayake

Clair

et al. 2018

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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“… 8 , 9 , 10 Regarding PCL, the literature presents conflicting information on the correct position of its femoral insertion; many authors have described different methods of locating the anatomical site of femoral insertion, but few have demonstrated its microscopic anatomy. 5 , 12 , 13 , 14 …”

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Histological study of the posterior cruciate ligament femoral insertion

Costa

Mestriner

Amaral

et al. 2018

Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia (English Edition)

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ObjectivesTo describe the microscopic anatomy of the posterior cruciate ligament femoral insertion in order to identify and establish differences between the direct and indirect insertions of this ligament.MethodsTen cadaveric knees were used for this study. The posterior cruciate ligament femoral insertion was observed microscopically. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to observe the morphology of the posterior cruciate ligament insertion. Alcian blue staining was performed to determine the location of the cartilage matrix and better assist in the observation and differentiation between direct and indirect insertions.ResultsThe direct insertion was observed to be a more complex structure than the indirect insertion because it showed four different histological layers (ligament, uncalcified fibrocartilage, calcified fibrocartilage, and bone). Chondrocytes were observed in the uncalcified and calcified fibrocartilage layers. It was observed that the indirect insertion was composed of two layers in which the ligament was anchored directly to the bone by collagen fibers. Indirect insertion was located in the marginal region of the posterior cruciate ligament between the direct insertion and the anterior articular cartilage.ConclusionThrough histological analysis, it was demonstrated that the indirect insertion was adjacent to the anterior articular cartilage and presents a histological pattern where the collagen fibers insert directly into the bone (two-layer insertion). The direct insertion is posterior to the indirect insertion and has four histologically distinct layers.

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Comparing Dimensions of Four-Strand Hamstring Tendon Grafts with Native Anterior and Posterior Cruciate Ligaments

Yılmaz

Özdemir

Keskinöz

et al. 2016

BioMed Research International

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Background. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether or not there was any incompatibility between four-strand hamstring tendons taken from the same knee and the dimensions of the ACL and PCL. Methods. 15 fresh frozen cadaver hamstrings were prepared as four-strand grafts and measurements made of the ACL and PCL circumferences in the midsection were made in the narrowest part of the midsection. The cross-section areas and diameters were calculated with geometric calculations used to measure the cross-sectional area of cylinders. Accepting that the geometric insertions were elliptical, the length, width, and area were calculated for entry areas. Results. A significant relationship at 96.2% was determined between the ACL mid and the hamstring diameter. A significant relationship at 96.7% was determined between the ACL and the hamstring mid area. A significant relationship at 96.4% was determined between the PCL mid and the hamstring diameter. A significant relationship at 95.7% was determined between the PCL and the hamstring mid area. Conclusion. For the reconstruction of ACL and PCL, it was determined that there is less incompatibility between the four-strand hamstring tendons taken from the same knee and the dimensions of the midsection PCL compared to the ACL dimensions.

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Anatomical study of the posterior cruciate ligament with the knee flexed at 90°

Cited by 4 publications

References 18 publications

Isolated Posterior Cruciate Reconstruction Results in Improved Functional Outcome but Low Rates of Return to Preinjury Level of Sport: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Isolated Posterior Cruciate Reconstruction Results in Improved Functional Outcome but Low Rates of Return to Preinjury Level of Sport: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Histological study of the posterior cruciate ligament femoral insertion

Comparing Dimensions of Four-Strand Hamstring Tendon Grafts with Native Anterior and Posterior Cruciate Ligaments

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