Anatomical variations of the mandibular canal and their clinical implications in dental practice: a literature review

Valenzuela-Fuenzalida, Juan José; Cariseo, Carolina; Gold, Mark E.; Díaz, Deyaní Rubí Hernández; Orellana, Maria; Iwanaga, Joe

doi:10.1007/s00276-021-02708-7

Cited by 18 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The mandibular canal (MC) is an anatomical structure in the mandible that extends from the mandibular foramen in the ramus to the mental foramen (MF). The MC contains the inferior alveolar nerve and vascular bundle, comprising the inferior alveolar artery, vein, nerve, and lymphatic vessels (1,2). The MC is usually a single canal, bilaterally present in the mandible in a symmetrical fashion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result of the abnormal interaction of tissues during embryonic dental development, the morphological alterations of the MC occur. It has been determined that at the time of embryonic maturation, there are three inferior dental nerves that fuse to make a single nerve; therefore, the bifid and trifid MCs manage to exist as a result of the inconclusive fusion of these three nerves (2). The develop-mental ossification of the mandible starts at the area of the MF and continues posteriorly, creating the MC around the neurovascular bundle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conventionally, periapical and panoramic radiographs are often used for this purpose, which have some limitations due to their two-dimensional nature. Therefore, newer imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography (CT), and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), might be used for clinical or research purposes (2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Damage to critical structures in the MC often occurs due to surgical procedural errors by the clinicians or failure in the correct detection of the canal course, or morphological variations in this structure. Therefore, it is critical to determine the exact location and course of the MC and related anatomical structures to keep the risk of injury to a minimum (2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anatomical Variations of the Mandibular Canal and Mental Foramen in Full Edentulous Iranian Subpopulation: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomographic Study

et al. 2022

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Background: This study sought to determine the anatomical variations of the mental foramen (MF) and the mandibular canal (MC) in the full edentulous Iranian subpopulation using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). These variations can have significant clinical implications in dental implant surgery. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study evaluated the mandible CBCT scans of 384 completely edentulous patients that required dental implant treatment. The CBCT scans were retrieved from four radiology clinics in Tehran, Iran, using quota sampling. The reconstructed images were evaluated to determine the dimensions and position of the MC and its cortication at the site of the mandibular first molar, the branching of the MC, the existence of the anterior loop of the mental nerve, and anatomical variations of the MF. The correlations of variables with age and gender were analyzed using the independent t-test, chi-square test, and analysis of variance based on the type of the variable. Results: The cortication of the MC at the site of the mandibular first molar was present in 72.9% of the cases and was significantly more common in male patients (P = 0.0001). Bifid mandibular canal, accessory MF, and anterior loop of mental nerve were present in 9.9%, 65%, and 54.7% of the samples, respectively, and they had no significant correlation with age/gender. The mean MC diameter, the mean MF height, and the mean distance from the inferior border of the mandible to the center of MF were all significantly higher in male patients (P

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anatomical Variations of the Mandibular Canal and Mental Foramen in Full Edentulous Iranian Subpopulation: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomographic Study

et al. 2022

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“…The bifid mandibular canal (BMC) is considered an anatomical variation of the MC and has been well studied using CBCT [27,37,38]. In 2009, Naitoh et al investigated the BMC using CBCT and classified it into four types with the retromolar canal (RMC) categorized as a type I BMC variant by the authors [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What are the retromolar and bifid/trifid mandibular canals as seen on cone-beam computed tomography? Revisiting classic gross anatomy of the inferior alveolar nerve and correcting terminology

et al. 2021

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Purpose Since cone-beam computed tomography was developed, a number of radiological studies on the bifid mandibular canals (BMCs) and trifid mandibular canals (TMCs) have been reported. However, many of the suggested subtypes of the BMC described in the literature seem to be normal branches of the inferior alveolar nerve. This might be due to a lack of revisiting classic anatomical studies in the field of radiology. Therefore, such studies are revisited here. Methods A database search using PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted on BMC and TMC. Eighty-nine articles underwent full-text assessment. The reported three classifications of BMC and the six modified classifications were reviewed and compared to the intramandibular inferior alveolar nerve branches. Results Some subtypes of BMC and TMC simply represent normal inferior alveolar nerve branches, i.e., retromolar branch, molar branch (alveolar branch/dental branch), large mental branch, or communicating branch. Others such as Naitoh's type III BMC and forward canal might be a true BMC. Conclusion We found that the bifid mandibular canal is an additional intramandibular canal running parallel to the mandibular canal with/without confluence with the main canal through comparison of classifications of BMC/TMC between the radiology and anatomy fields.

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Bifurcation of the mandibular canal according to sex, age, and facial skeletal pattern: a morphological and morphometric study of cone beam computed tomography

Teixeira,

da Silva,

Couto

et al. 2024

Surg Radiol Anat

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Anatomical variations of the mandibular canal and their clinical implications in dental practice: a literature review

Cited by 18 publications

References 54 publications

Anatomical Variations of the Mandibular Canal and Mental Foramen in Full Edentulous Iranian Subpopulation: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomographic Study

Anatomical Variations of the Mandibular Canal and Mental Foramen in Full Edentulous Iranian Subpopulation: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomographic Study

What are the retromolar and bifid/trifid mandibular canals as seen on cone-beam computed tomography? Revisiting classic gross anatomy of the inferior alveolar nerve and correcting terminology

Bifurcation of the mandibular canal according to sex, age, and facial skeletal pattern: a morphological and morphometric study of cone beam computed tomography

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