Anatomy and Genesis of the Placenta

Burton, Graham J.; Kaufmann, Peter; Huppertz, Berthold

doi:10.1016/b978-012515400-0/50010-5

Cited by 34 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 329 publications

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“…In mink, as in other mammals with a zonary endotheliochorial or discoid hemochorial type of placenta (Burton et al 1994), the uteri is left with one placental scar per implanted embryo that heals within 10-11 months of parturition. Uteri were then extracted and refrozen until subsequent examination.…”

Section: Mink Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Density- and age-dependent reproduction partially compensates culling efforts of invasive non-native American mink

2015

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Management strategies of wildlife species must pay due regard to density dependent changes in vital rates. Knowledge of density dependent relationships is sparse for most species but such knowledge ought to inform adaptive management. Using data from a large-scale, 6 years of control effort of the invasive non-native American mink (Neovison vison) in Scotland, we analysed density dependent changes in reproduction as revealed by placental scar counts in culled females. Control strongly reduced mink density but it varied substantially over time and space, reflecting variation in when control was initiated in each river section. We used hurdle statistical models to simultaneously relate the probability of conception, litter size and female age to prevailing mink density in river sections where the female was culled. Both the probability of conceiving a litter (average 0.81) and litter size (average 5.52 pups) increased as the density of females, but not males, declined. In addition, there was a senescent decline in both components of fecundity, which given culling of mink and subsequent reinvasions, resulted in a younger population, adding further to density dependent compensation in fecundity. There was no evidence of depensation, even at the lowest density. The predicted combined impact of changes in density and age structure could lead to an increase in fecundity of up to 2.1 pups per female occupying or reinvading the controlled area. Control strategies must be sufficiently adaptable and robust in order to overcome this compensation and suppress densities of mink and other invasive mammals.

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Section: Mink Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Density- and age-dependent reproduction partially compensates culling efforts of invasive non-native American mink

2015

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“…The mature placenta has been described in detail elsewhere [4,5], but is a roughly discoid organ, on average 22 cm in diameter, 2.5 cm thick at the centre and weighing approximately 500 g. Its surfaces are the chorionic plate that faces the fetus and to which the umbilical cord is attached, and the basal plate that abuts the maternal endometrium. Between these plates is a cavity, the intervillous space, into which 30-40 elaborately branched fetal villous trees project.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The placenta: a multifaceted, transient organ

Burton

Fowden

2015

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

575

380

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The placenta is arguably the most important organ of the body, but paradoxically the most poorly understood. During its transient existence, it performs actions that are later taken on by diverse separate organs, including the lungs, liver, gut, kidneys and endocrine glands. Its principal function is to supply the fetus, and in particular, the fetal brain, with oxygen and nutrients. The placenta is structurally adapted to achieve this, possessing a large surface area for exchange and a thin interhaemal membrane separating the maternal and fetal circulations. In addition, it adopts other strategies that are key to facilitating transfer, including remodelling of the maternal uterine arteries that supply the placenta to ensure optimal perfusion. Furthermore, placental hormones have profound effects on maternal metabolism, initially building up her energy reserves and then releasing these to support fetal growth in later pregnancy and lactation post-natally. Bipedalism has posed unique haemodynamic challenges to the placental circulation, as pressure applied to the vena cava by the pregnant uterus may compromise venous return to the heart. These challenges, along with the immune interactions involved in maternal arterial remodelling, may explain complications of pregnancy that are almost unique to the human, including pre-eclampsia. Such complications may represent a trade-off against the provision for a large fetal brain.

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“…Rodents have a single cotyledon, whereas humans have a group of cotyledons, which will form a discoid structure. From the perspective of maternal-fetal interaction, the placentae of primates and rodents are characterized by fetal vessels directly bordering the mother's blood (hemochorial placentation) [14,26]. However, comparing the number of placental layers forming a kind of barrier between maternal and fetal blood, rodents placentae are thichorial, with three-thophoblast cell layers, while humans placentae have only two layers [15].…”

Section: Human and Rodents: A Comparison Between Experimental Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The maternal-fetal interaction is restricted to this common circular area named cotyledon [14]. Rodents have a single cotyledon, whereas humans have a group of cotyledons, which will form a discoid structure.…”

Section: Human and Rodents: A Comparison Between Experimental Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Caffeine Intake during Pregnancy: What Are the Real Evidences?

Paula¹,

Shang²,

Chiarini‐Garcia³

et al. 2017

JPP

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Abstract:Caffeine is a substance presented in foods such as coffee, tea, soft drinks, chocolates and medicines and is commonly consumed by pregnant women. Due to its ability to cross the placental membrane and accumulate in the fetus body, caffeine and its metabolites have been contraindicated or recommended in small doses during pregnancy. Studies in rodents relate caffeine intake to lower rates of fertilization, embryonic implantation, changes in placental structure, increased occurrence of low fetal and placental weights, abortion and stillbirth. However, in humans, studies involving caffeine consumption are inconclusive. Methodological complexity, difficulty for measuring caffeine intake and ethical reasons are limiting factors for a more accurate conclusion. So far, caffeine recommendation ranges from 100 to 300 mg/day. Even though researches have recommended low caffeine consumption by pregnant women in order to avoid deleterious consequences during gestation, a safe dose has not been established until now. The aim of the present review is to describe the main findings on the effects of caffeine consumption during pregnancy in both human and rodent experimental models.

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Anatomy and Genesis of the Placenta

Cited by 34 publications

References 329 publications

Density- and age-dependent reproduction partially compensates culling efforts of invasive non-native American mink

Density- and age-dependent reproduction partially compensates culling efforts of invasive non-native American mink

The placenta: a multifaceted, transient organ

Caffeine Intake during Pregnancy: What Are the Real Evidences?

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