Anatomy and Histopathology of Human Meibomian Gland

Obata, Hiroto

doi:10.1097/01.ico.0000263122.45898.09

Cited by 141 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The age-related changes observed were consistent with histopathologic changes noted by Obata et al in humans, which showed atrophy of the acini (Obata, 2002). More recently, atrophy of the mouse MG was demonstrated by measuring the cross-sectional area of the gland (Nien et al, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…A number of changes occur in the human MG with age that are thought to account for the increased frequency of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) in older populations (Hom et al, 1990;Mathers et al, 1991;Mathers and Lane, 1998) including MG "dropout," orifice plugging, cystic dilation of the duct, and atrophy of the MG acini (Gutgesell et al, 1982;Robin et al, 1985;Hykin and Bron, 1992;Mathers, 1993;Obata et al, 1994;Obata, 2002). These structural changes are thought to lead to altered or reduced tear outflow leading to disruption of the tear film, increased tear evaporation, and increased tear osmolarity that cause ocular discomfort, eye irritation, and chronic blepharitis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Volumetric Reconstruction of the Mouse Meibomian Gland Using High‐Resolution Nonlinear Optical Imaging

Jester

Nien

Winkler

et al. 2011

The Anatomical Record

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Recent studies suggest that mouse meibomian glands (MG) undergo age-related atrophy that mimics changes seen in age-related human MG dysfunction (MGD). To better understand the structural/functional changes that occur during aging, this study developed an imaging approach to generate quantifiable volumetric reconstructions of the mouse MG and measure total gland, cell, and lipid volume. Mouse eyelids were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, embedded in LR White resin and serially sectioned. Sections were then scanned using a 20× objective and a series of tiled images (1.35 × 1.35 × 0.5 mm) with a pixel size of 0.44 μm lateral and 2 μm axial were collected using a Zeiss 510 Meta LSM and a femtosecond laser to simultaneously detect second harmonic generated (SHG) and two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) signals from the tissue sections. The SHG signal from collagen was used to outline and generate an MG mask to create surface renderings of the total gland and extract relevant MG TPEF signals that were later separated into the cellular and lipid compartments. Using this technique, three-dimensional reconstructions of the mouse MG were obtained and the total, cell, and lipid volume of the MG measured. Volumetric reconstructions of mouse MG showed loss of acini in old mice that were not detected by routine histology. Furthermore, older mouse MG had reduced total gland volume that is primarily associated with loss of the lipid volume. These findings suggest that mice MG undergo "dropout" of acini, similar to that which occurs in human age-related MGD.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volumetric Reconstruction of the Mouse Meibomian Gland Using High‐Resolution Nonlinear Optical Imaging

Jester

Nien

Winkler

et al. 2011

The Anatomical Record

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“…The expression and production of PLA 2 in the cornea ( 6 ), conjunctiva, and lacrimal glands ( 37 ) has been well documented. In fact, the ocular epithelial tissues could be regarded as a continuum, and the lacrimal gland and meibomian gland simply denote invaginations of this continuous epithelium ( 38 ). Swartz and colleagues ( 39 ) have previously shown that mechanical stress could be communicated between different cell types to bring about comprehensive matrix remodeling in the airway system.…”

Section: Meibum-derived Amphiphilic Lipids In Maintaining Tear Fi Lm mentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal changes in tear fluid lipidome brought about by eyelid-warming treatment in a cohort of meibomian gland dysfunction

Lam

Tong

Duan

et al. 2014

Journal of Lipid Research

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Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a prevalent ophthalmic condition adversely affecting up to 80% of the population over the age of 80, with potential debilitating effects on specifi c segments of the population such as contact lens wearers, people who have undergone refractive surgeries, postmenopausal women, and patients suffering from a variety of autoimmune disorders ( 1 ). DES is a multifactorial disease of the tears and ocular surface caused by a deficiency in tear production or excessive evaporation ( 2 ). Regardless of the initiating causes, chronic dryness and the resultant tear fi lm hyperosmolarity leads to infl ammation that jeopardizes the structural and functional integrity of the lacrimal gland, meibomian gland, and corneal and conjunctival epithelial tissues. The gradual destruction of Abstract Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a leading cause of evaporative dry eye and ocular discomfort characterized by an unstable tear fi lm principally attributed to affl icted delivery of lipids to the ocular surface. Herein, we elucidated longitudinal tear lipid alterations associated with disease alleviation and symptom improvement in a cohort of MGD patients undergoing eyelid-warming treatment for 12 weeks. Remarkably, eyelid-warming resulted in stark reductions in lysophospholipids ( P < 0.001 for lyso-plasmalogen phosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylcholine, and lysophosphatidylinositol), as well as numerous PUFAcontaining diacylglyceride species in tears, accompanied by signifi cant increases in several PUFA-containing phospholipids. These changes in tear lipidomes suggest that eyelidwarming leads to diminished activity of tear phospholipases that preferentially target PUFA-containing phospholipids. In addition, treatment led to appreciable increases ( P < 0.001) in O -acyl--hydroxy-FAs (OAHFAs), which are lipid amphiphiles critical to the maintenance of tear fi lm stability. Longitudinal changes in the tear lipids aforementioned also signifi cantly ( P < 0.05) correlated with reduced rate of ocular evaporation and improvement in ocular symptoms. The foregoing data thus indicate that excess ocular surface phospholipase activity detrimental to tear fi lm stability could be alleviated by eyelid warming alone without application of steroids and identify tear OAHFAs as suitable markers to monitor treatment response in MGD. -Man Lam, S

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“…Alternatively, the ectopic epithelial cells might arise as a result of hyperkeratinization of differentiating acinar cells due to the reduction in FATP4. Defective acinar cells and hyperkeratinization of ductal epithelial cells are two major areas of pathogenesis of meibomian gland dysfunction in humans (38). Our Fatp4 Ϫ/Ϫ ;Tg(IVL-Fatp4) mice could be a useful mouse model for elucidating the pathogenesis and identifying potential therapies for meibomian gland dysfunction.…”

Section: Fatp4mentioning

confidence: 99%

Requirement of Fatty Acid Transport Protein 4 for Development, Maturation, and Function of Sebaceous Glands in a Mouse Model of Ichthyosis Prematurity Syndrome

Lin

Hsu

Miner

2013

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Background: Fatty acid transport protein 4 (FATP4) facilitates fatty acid uptake by converting fatty acids into active forms. Results: Reduced FATP4 in mice leads to dystrophic sebaceous glands and abnormal production and function of sebaceous gland lipid secretions. Conclusion: FATP4 plays crucial roles in the formation and function of lipid-secreting glands. Significance: Understanding how FATP4 regulates lipid metabolism is important in elucidating the pathogenesis and potential therapies for ichthyosis prematurity syndrome.

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Anatomy and Histopathology of Human Meibomian Gland

Abstract: Various histopathologic changes were observed in the human meibomian gland. Hyperkeratinization of ductal epithelium and atrophy of acinar cells may cause meibomian gland dysfunction.

Cited by 141 publications

References 5 publications

Volumetric Reconstruction of the Mouse Meibomian Gland Using High‐Resolution Nonlinear Optical Imaging

Volumetric Reconstruction of the Mouse Meibomian Gland Using High‐Resolution Nonlinear Optical Imaging

Longitudinal changes in tear fluid lipidome brought about by eyelid-warming treatment in a cohort of meibomian gland dysfunction

Requirement of Fatty Acid Transport Protein 4 for Development, Maturation, and Function of Sebaceous Glands in a Mouse Model of Ichthyosis Prematurity Syndrome

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