Anatomy and relations of the infraspinatus and the teres minor muscles: a fresh cadaver dissection study

Bacle, Guillaume; Grégoire, Jean‐Marc; Patat, F.; Clavert, Philippe; Pinieux, Gonzague de; Laulan, J.; Lakhal, Walid; Favard, Luc

doi:10.1007/s00276-016-1707-9

Cited by 33 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In the infraspinatus, the tendon fibres of the superior, middle, and inferior partitions formed the conjoint tendon. The muscle fibres of the superior, middle, and inferior partitions according to Fabrizio and Clemente as well as to Bacle et al [1, 7] were identified in agreement with muscle fibre directions. A portion of the deep muscle fibres of the inferior partition overlaid those of the middle partition.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 67%

“…For histological assessment, we obtained coronal sections parallel to the tendons of the anterior region and posterior region of the supraspinatus according to Roh et al and Kim et al [10, 17] and sections of the superior, middle, and inferior partitions of the infraspinatus according to Fabrizio and Clemente as well as Bacle et al [1, 7]. These samples were stained with Masson’s trichrome.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Kim et al divided the supraspinatus into six subregions: the anterior-superficial, anterior-middle, anterior-deep, posterior-superficial, posterior-middle and posterior-deep subregions [10]. In the infraspinatus, Fabrizio and Clemente as well as Bacle et al independently divided the infraspinatus muscle into three partitions: the superior, middle, and inferior partitions [1, 7]. Both supraspinatus subregions and infraspinatus partitions are supported by intra-muscular innervations [7, 9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Capsular attachment of the subregions of rotator cuff muscles

et al. 2019

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PurposeThis study aimed to morphologically and histologically investigate the relationship between deep subregions of the rotator cuff muscle and shoulder joint capsule as well as the relationship between the rotator cuff tendon or capsule and bony insertion.MethodsWe examined 13 shoulders of embalmed cadavers and measured the capsular attachments and footprints macroscopically. We also histologically examined the fibres in three shoulders.ResultsLoose attachment, which was less tight with spaced connective tissue, and firm attachment, which was tight with dense connective tissue, were found under the surface of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus. The anterior-deep and posterior-deep subregions of the supraspinatus and the middle partition and inferior partition of the infraspinatus formed firm attachments to the capsule. The mean areas of firm attachment for the anterior-deep subregion, posterior-deep subregion and middle partition were 118.8 mm2, 267.8 mm2 and 399.3 mm2, respectively, while the area of the inferior partition was small. The transverse fibres were located just lateral to the medial edge of the firm attachment area. The thick capsule had a substantial footprint. Both tendon fibres and the capsule inserted into the superior and middle facets through the attachment fibrocartilage.ConclusionsThe posterior-deep subregion of the supraspinatus and middle partition of the infraspinatus evenly occupied the capsular attachment area. The transverse fibres were located just lateral to the medial edge of the firm attachment area, and the thick capsule had a substantial footprint. Both tendon fibres and the capsule inserted into the superior and middle facets through the attachment fibrocartilage.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Capsular attachment of the subregions of rotator cuff muscles

et al. 2019

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“…The teres minor muscle has fibers running parallel to and inserting on the inferior angle of the scapula (Figure 2). 2 Once the muscle architecture was clearly visible, an image was taken. This procedure was also repeated 3 times on both shoulders.…”

Section: Ultrasoundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Adaptations of the Posterior Rotator Cuff in Professional Pitchers

et al. 2021

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Background: Because of the large forces and high frequency of throwing, the upper extremity experiences repetitive stresses that lead to acute and chronic adaptations. While the importance of pennation angle and muscle thickness as predictors of muscle force production has been shown in other populations and other joints, there has been little research done that examines these variables in the shoulders of baseball players. Purpose: (1) To examine the chronic effect pitching has on the rotator cuff muscle architecture (pennation angle and muscle thickness) in healthy professional baseball pitchers, and (2) to examine the correlation between muscle architecture and clinical measures of strength and range of motion (ROM). Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Twenty-eight healthy professional pitchers were recruited during the 2019 spring training. Internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) strength were measured with a handheld dynamometer and IR and ER ROM were measured with an inclinometer. A diagnostic ultrasound machine was utilized to capture images of humeral retroversion, as well as the pennation angle and muscle thickness of the infraspinatus and teres minor muscles. ImageJ software was used to quantify the pennation angle and muscle thickness. Results: There were no significant differences between the dominant and nondominant arms for ER or IR strength. Also, no pennation angle and muscle thickness differences were found between the dominant and nondominant arms. A weak positive relationship between infraspinatus muscle thickness (superficial and total) and ER strength ( P = .016, R = 0.287 and P = .009, R = 0.316) and a moderate negative relationship between soft tissue glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) and the bilateral difference of the teres minor deep pennation angle ( R = −0.477, P = .008) were observed. No other significant relationships were noted. Conclusion: Our results are contrary to current literature as we expected to see a stronger dominant arm, with a larger pennation angle and greater muscle thickness. Interestingly, we found that ER strength was positively related to only the thickness of the infraspinatus muscle, and that soft tissue GIRD was positively related to only the side-to-side adaptation of the pennation angle within the deep portion of the teres minor. This suggests that when posterior shoulder tightness occurs, specifically the architecture of the teres minor muscle is involved. However, the organization to which these players belonged has a very extensive training protocol throughout the year that emphasizes bilateral training during a large majority of the exercises. Therefore, the results may not be generalizable to all professional players.

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“…If the ISP muscle effectively contributed to shoulder abduction, the ISP muscle should exert enough activation at initial range, prior to that of the deltoid muscle. Recent detailed anatomical studies demonstrated that the ISP muscle was anatomically divided into two or three distinct neuromuscular partitions based on differences in their attachment sites, muscle fiber directions, and intramuscular innervations [3,6,15,22,31]. Several authors demonstrated that the anterior-most region of the humeral insertion of the ISP muscle almost reached the anterior margin of the highest impression of the greater tuberosity [22][23][24][25]31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shoulder scaption is dependent on the behavior of the different partitions of the infraspinatus muscle

et al. 2021

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate if the three partitions (superior, middle, and inferior partitions) of the infraspinatus muscle previously described in anatomical studies will present different behavior during scapular plane abduction (scaption) as described using shear-wave elastography, especially during initial range of motion. Methods Eight volunteers held their arm against gravity 15° intervals from 30° to 150° in scaption. Shear-wave elastography was implemented at each position to measure shear modulus at rest and during muscle contraction, as a surrogate for muscle stiffness, of each partition. Muscle activity was defined as the difference in stiffness values between the resting positions and those during muscle contraction (ΔE = stiffness at contraction—stiffness at rest). Results The activity value for the middle partition was 25.1 ± 10.8 kPa at 30° and increased up to 105° (52.2 ± 10.8 kPa), with a subsequent decrease at larger angle positions (p < .001). The superior partition showed a flatter and constant behavior with smaller activity values except at higher angles (p < .001). Peak activity values for the superior partition were observed at 135° (23.0 ± 12.0 kPa). Increase activity for inferior partition began at 60° and showed a peak at 135° (p < .001; 32.9 ± 13.8 kPa). Conclusion Stiffness measured using shear-wave elastography in each partition of the infraspinatus muscle demonstrated different behavior between these partitions during scaption. The middle partition generated force throughout scaption, while the superior and inferior partitions exerted force at end range.

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Anatomy and relations of the infraspinatus and the teres minor muscles: a fresh cadaver dissection study

Cited by 33 publications

References 22 publications

Capsular attachment of the subregions of rotator cuff muscles

Capsular attachment of the subregions of rotator cuff muscles

Chronic Adaptations of the Posterior Rotator Cuff in Professional Pitchers

Shoulder scaption is dependent on the behavior of the different partitions of the infraspinatus muscle

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