Anatomy of Hereditary Bovine Syndactylism. II. Muscles, Tendons, and Ligaments

Adrian, R.W.; Leipold, H. W.; Huston, K; Trotter, D.M.; Sm, Dennis

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(69)86767-6

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…These where chosen because they are similar to human flexor tendons in diameter and are easy to obtain in most countries. 4,6,9,32 Dogs were excluded because of possible resource and ethical problems. Human tendons served as the control group.…”

Section: Tendonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Biomechanical Comparison of Modified Kessler and Running Suture Repair in 3 Different Animal Tendons and in Human Flexor Tendons

Hausmann

Vekszler

Bijak

et al. 2009

The Journal of Hand Surgery

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Section: Tendonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The distal 10 cm of the calf flexor tendon was found to have 2 ends, both with nearly an identical diameter as that of the human flexor tendon. 32 Only this section of the tendon was considered suitable for testing. Although only young animals were used, pig tendons were larger than those of all other species.…”

Section: Tendonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanical Comparison of Modified Kessler and Running Suture Repair in 3 Different Animal Tendons and in Human Flexor Tendons

Hausmann

Vekszler

Bijak

et al. 2009

The Journal of Hand Surgery

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“…Results of anatomic, embryologic, and genetic studies have been published. [1][2][3][4][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Methods have been devised to test both males and females for presence or absence of the recessive syndactyly gene. 4,5,12,22 These methods use superovulation of suspected heterozygous cows and/or syndactylous tester cows or semen of syndactylous bulls, embryo transfer, and early gestation cesarean sections.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hereditary Syndactyly in Angus Cattle

Leipold

Schmidt

Steffen³

et al. 1998

J VET Diagn Invest

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Abstract. Twenty-five syndactylous Angus cattle, characterized pathologically, were reported from 16 herds in 10 states from 1979 to 1994. Twenty-one (84%) had all 4 legs syndactylous, 3 (12%) had 3 legs syndactylous, and 1 (4%) had 2 legs syndactylous. All syndactylous cattle walked with considerable difficulty. Hooves of aged animals became curled and bent laterally or medially. Affected hooves had the appearance of a truncated cone, the base of which was located at the coronary band. Most hooves were fused completely with no indication of dual anlage. An occasional hoof had a distal notch, and other hooves had a dorsally located groove indicating dual embryonic origin. Lateral dewclaws were enlarged in most cases. Radiographs and dissections of limbs of 19 animals revealed a consistent pattern of fusion in most affected calves. Lesions included 1 or more of the following: disappearance of the large metacarpal and metatarsal intertrochlear notches, horizontal fusion of 1 or more carpals and tarsals, fusion of proximal sesamoids, 1 distal sesamoid, and fusion of paired phalanges. Evidence of a genetic cause consisted of 11 syndactylous calves among 70 offspring of 4 3/4 sib families, 8 preterm syndactylous fetuses among 148 preterm fetuses and 13 calves in progenies of 19 animals tested for possible heterozygosity, and 5 syndactylous calves from matings of an Angus syndactylous bull with 1 Angus and 4 Holstein syndactylous cows. Data were consistent with recessive inheritance at a single locus. Angus cattle with sydactytly had a larger number of affected limbs than did syndactylous Holsteins and their Angus crosses, suggesting existence of 2 recessive alleles. The allele of Holsteins (sy H ) appeared to influence phenotypic expression in a dominant pattern over the Angus allele (sy A ). Both sy A and sy H alleles acted as reccessives to the normal SY allele. Phenotypic effects on limb development were most dramatic in calves with the sy A /sy A genotype.

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“…Additional morphological abnormalities, such as synostosis, may develop in other parts of the distal appendicular skeleton of affected limbs, for example, in metacarpal/metatarsal bones and carpal/tarsal bones. Concomitant adaptive changes are found in the muscles, tendons, nerves and vascular supply of the distal limb (4–6, 102, 124, 186).…”

Section: Inherited Disorders In Danish Cattlementioning

confidence: 99%

Inherited Disorders in Danish Cattle

Agerholm

2007

APMIS

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Anatomy of Hereditary Bovine Syndactylism. II. Muscles, Tendons, and Ligaments

Cited by 7 publications

References 1 publication

Biomechanical Comparison of Modified Kessler and Running Suture Repair in 3 Different Animal Tendons and in Human Flexor Tendons

Biomechanical Comparison of Modified Kessler and Running Suture Repair in 3 Different Animal Tendons and in Human Flexor Tendons

Hereditary Syndactyly in Angus Cattle

Inherited Disorders in Danish Cattle

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