Anatomy of the cruciate ligaments and their function in extension and flexion of the human knee joint

Fuss, Franz Konstantin

doi:10.1002/aja.1001840208

Cited by 153 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The elastic structures may be subdivided into oxytalan fibres, elaunin fibres, mature elastic fibres, and elastic membranes [39]. Probably, they permit the extreme distance changes during motion (up to 65%) for some ligament bundles [40], The extracellular matrix of the cruciate ligaments builds a complicated regu latory network of four major components with fundamen tal importance in modulating cellular growth and migra tion. maintaining tissue stability, absorbing shearing forces and organizing repair processes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and Function of Matrix Components in the Cruciate Ligaments

Stofft¹

1992

Cells Tissues Organs

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In the present study, the matrix components of 100 cruciate ligaments were analyzed by conventional electron microscopy, immunohistology, morphometry, and immunoelectron microscopy. The anterior (ACL) and the posterior (PCL) cruciate ligaments contained collagen types III, IV, and VI. Several structural glycoproteins, like fibronectin, laminin, entactin, tenascin, and undulin were detected using monoclonal antibodies. Whereas laminin and entactin were higher concentrated in the PCL, type VI collagen was more frequently found in the ACL. The ACL had a critical nourishment in its distal and middle thirds. In all ligament parts the PCL revealed a better vascular supply with strong correlation to type IV collagen expression. The normal matrix of the cruciate ligaments represented a complicated regulatory network of proteins, glycoproteins, elastic systems, and glycosaminoglycans with multiple functional interactions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and Function of Matrix Components in the Cruciate Ligaments

Stofft¹

1992

Cells Tissues Organs

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“…In agreement with this fact are Boisgard et al, 20 Bradley et al, 21 Sakane et al, 13 and Li et al 23 who also described an isometric pattern for these bundles. On analyzing these results, attention was called to the fact that these fiber bundles comprise a standard similar to the "guide bundle" described by Fuss,3,4 being determined by this researcher as "the most anterior bundle of the ACL" because, as described by the researcher, these bundles remain with their length practically unchanged, giving a clear demonstration that they are important articular stabilizers in all angular moments of the movement.…”

Section: Medial and Lateral Bundles (Guides)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For Fuss 3,4 and Mommersteeg et al, 5 it is evident that the state of tension of a ligament being constant or variable depends on the distance between its bone insertions points, such as collagen fibers that only tension when the distance between insertion points increases. These researchers consider this to be the key point for a functional description of cruciate ligaments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Evaluation of 3-Dimensional Kinematic Behavior of the Cruciate Ligaments

Júnior

Caldana

et al. 2007

Clinics

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PURPOSE:The purpose of this study was to evaluate a low-cost and easily reproducible technique for biomechanical studies in cadavers. In this kind of study, the natural effect of loading of the joint and shear forces are not taken into account. The objective is to describe the plastic deformation of the ligaments into 3-dimensional space. METHOD: For 18 intact human cadaver knees, the cruciate ligaments were divided into 3 fiber bundles, the tibial or femoral fixation points were marked, and 2 perpendicular different x-ray exposures were performed, thus obtaining radiographs of spatial projections of the bundle in 3 anatomic planes (frontal, sagittal, and transversal). From the measurements made on the x-ray films, we obtained the average distance between the 2 fixation points of the cruciate ligaments on the tibia and the femur at 4 different flexion angles. RESULTS:The distance between the fixation points of the medial and lateral fiber bundles of the cruciate ligaments did not change significantly during movement. There were, however, significant variations (P < .05) in the distance between the fixation points of the posterior fiber bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament and the anterior fiber bundles of the posterior cruciate ligament. CONCLUSIONS: This technique was efficient for demonstrating the plastic deformability of the cruciate ligaments. The results proceeding from this type of study can assist in the planning of physical rehabilitation programs.

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“…Fiber bundle function can generally be classified accord ing to the joint position in which a bundle is taut [Fuss, 1989[Fuss, , 1991a[Fuss, , 1991b[Fuss, , 1993 …”

Section: Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphology and Function of the Cruciate Ligaments in Diapsids

Fuss

1995

Cells Tissues Organs

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The extant diapsids (amniotes with two temporal fenestrae) consist of archosaurs (birds and crocodiles) and of lepidosaurs (sphenodon and squamates). The dichotomy of these two lineages occurred in the upper Permian. Originally, the intraarticular knee ligaments were three cruciates. The intermediate cruciate (a posterior one with guiding function) is present in all diapsids, whilst the medial one (an anterior with guiding function) is absent in birds. The lateral cruciate ligament is subdivided into a lateral anterior and a medial posterior shank. The posterior shank disappeared in birds and crocodiles. The anterior shank disposes of a guiding function in archosaurs, and is in the course of reduction in lepidosaurs. The reduction process has progressed least in sphenodons, whereas the lateral cruciate of chameleons is totally absent. The anterior cruciates of birds (the lateral one) and of chameleons (the medial one) are hence not homologous. The morphology and function of the cruciate ligaments can be related with gait evolution.

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Anatomy of the cruciate ligaments and their function in extension and flexion of the human knee joint

Cited by 153 publications

References 9 publications

Structure and Function of Matrix Components in the Cruciate Ligaments

Structure and Function of Matrix Components in the Cruciate Ligaments

Experimental Evaluation of 3-Dimensional Kinematic Behavior of the Cruciate Ligaments

Morphology and Function of the Cruciate Ligaments in Diapsids

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