Anatomy of the nipple and breast ducts revisited

M.D., M.B.A. Susan M. Love; Barsky, Sanford H.

doi:10.1002/cncr.20559

Cited by 145 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In 2004, Love and Barsky used several in vivo and in vitro approaches to determine the number, distribution, and anatomic properties of the ductal system of the human breast (i.e., from the nipple orifices to the terminal duct lobular units; ref. 20). They showed that >90% of all nipples examined contained five to nine ductal orifices.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Ductal Access for Prevention and Therapy of Mammary Tumors

Murata¹,

Kominsky

Vali³

et al. 2006

Cancer Research

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In cancer patients and in those at high risk, systemic exposure to agents for therapy or prevention is accompanied by undesirable side effects. We hypothesized that it is possible to prevent and treat breast cancer by introducing anticancer agents into the mammary ductal network. Here, we show the efficacy of intraductally administered anticancer agents 4-hydroxytamoxifen and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer using the rat N-methyl-NV -nitrosourea-induced and spontaneous HER-2/neu transgenic mouse (neu-N) models of breast cancer. Intraductal administration of PLD to neu-N mice caused regression of established tumors and prevented tumor development more effectively than i.v. injection (P < 0.0001). Intraductal administration resulted in lower circulating levels of PLD compared with i.v. administration, with no evidence of systemic toxicity or long-term histopathologic changes in the mammary gland. Compared with systemic administration, intraductal injection provides direct access to breast lesions with higher local and lower systemic drug exposure. These studies suggest that this approach has potential for application to prevention and neoadjuvant therapy of early breast cancer. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(2): 638-45)

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Ductal Access for Prevention and Therapy of Mammary Tumors

Murata¹,

Kominsky

Vali³

et al. 2006

Cancer Research

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“…Despite this discrepancy, Love and colleagues have shown that cannulation of all the orifices on the nipple surface is sufficient to fill all the ductal systems and that fluid instilled into the ducts reaches the terminal duct lobular units (TDLU; ref. 19). In 2004, Goulet and colleagues confirmed this in a pilot study in which 3 to 5 mL of nanoparticles containing 6% epirubicin was administered into tissue specimens postmastectomy and assessed pathologically, showing that intact epirubicin was seen in the terminal lobules in 62% of specimens (26).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The description of the number of ducts found per breast depends on the technique of study (18). Researchers who have cannulated the ductal orifices in the nipple in vivo, all confirm 5 to 9 ductal systems (19)(20)(21)(22), whereas those who have transected the nipple in mastectomy specimens have documented 22 to 25 tubular structures (21,(23)(24)(25). Despite this discrepancy, Love and colleagues have shown that cannulation of all the orifices on the nipple surface is sufficient to fill all the ductal systems and that fluid instilled into the ducts reaches the terminal duct lobular units (TDLU; ref.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Feasibility Study of the Intraductal Administration of Chemotherapy

Love

Zhang

Gordon

et al. 2013

Cancer Prevention Research

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Preclinical data have shown the potential of the intraductal administration of chemotherapy for breast cancer prevention. Direct translation of this work has been stymied by the anatomical differences between rodents (one duct per teat) and women (5-9 ductal systems per breast). The objective of this phase I study was to show the safety and feasibility of intraductal administration of chemotherapy drugs into multiple ducts within one breast in women awaiting mastectomy for treatment of invasive cancer. Thirty subjects were enrolled in this dose escalation study conducted at a single center in Beijing, China. Under local anesthetic, one of two chemotherapy drugs, carboplatin or pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD), was administered into five to eight ducts at three dose levels. Pharmacokinetic analysis has shown that carboplatin was rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream, whereas PLD, though more erratic, was absorbed after a delay. Pathologic analysis showed marked effects on breast duct epithelium in ducts treated with either drug compared with untreated ducts. The study investigators had no difficulty in identifying or cannulating ducts except in one case with a central cancer with subareolar involvement. This study shows the safety and feasibility of intraductal administration of chemotherapy into multiple ducts for the purpose of breast cancer prevention. This is an important step toward implementation of this strategy as a "chemical mastectomy", where the potential for carcinogenesis in the ductal epithelium is eliminated pharmacologically, locally, and without the need for surgery. Cancer Prev Res; 6(1); 51-58. Ó2012 AACR.

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“…Women occasionally detect a normal lactiferous sinus as a palpable finding at self-examination. In the typical breast, there are 9-20 orifices that drain the segments at the nipple (Kopans 2007, Love 2004). …”

Section: Anatomy Of the Nipple And Areola: Nipple-areolar Complexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correction of Inverted Nipple: Comparison of Techniques with Novel Approaches

Karacaoğlu¹

2012

Current Concepts in Plastic Surgery

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Anatomy of the nipple and breast ducts revisited

Cited by 145 publications

References 11 publications

Ductal Access for Prevention and Therapy of Mammary Tumors

Ductal Access for Prevention and Therapy of Mammary Tumors

A Feasibility Study of the Intraductal Administration of Chemotherapy

Correction of Inverted Nipple: Comparison of Techniques with Novel Approaches

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