Anatomy of the Sural Nerve

Abstract

This study covers all information about the sural nerve anatomy published internationally. The coexistence of different and confusing terminologies is pinpointed and adjusted to allow comparison of previous reports and to gain a coordinated data pool of more than 2500 investigated sural nerves. Detailed features are clearly described and summarized, findings from the authors' own prospective dissections complete these data, and the prior existing anatomical confusion is resolved. Finally, clinical implications are described.

Comparison of Vertical and Inverted-T Mammaplasties Using Photographic Measurements

“…In an inverted-T mammaplasty, the nipple is separated from the rest of the breast tissue and moved superiorly while the surrounding breast tissue is paradoxically displaced inferiorly. 13 This maneuver causes nipple overelevation. 12,13 …”

“…The label “breast reduction” is used for mammaplasties with resection weights of 300 g or more from at least 1 breast. 13 All procedures were bilateral. Reconstructive patients were excluded.…”

“…13 All procedures were performed by the author at a state-licensed ambulatory surgery center. Institutional review board approval was obtained.…”

“…12,13 Illustrations of vertical and inverted-T breast reductions are provided in Figures 1 and 2. To conserve journal space, vertical and inverted-T mastopexies and augmentation/mastopexies are included in Supplemental Figures 1–4 ( Supplemental Digital Content 1 , http://links.lww.com/PRSGO/A21).…”

“…The author has recently published such a system. 3,12,13 The purpose of this study is to compare these procedures using measurements. Such a study, using breast measurements to compare relevant shape parameters for the 2 techniques, has not been previously published.…”