Ancient and Modern Binders

Secco, Michele; Valentini, Luca; Addis, Anna

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813910-3.00010-0

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…The first use of a pyrotechnically produced inorganic binder dates back to the Epipalaeolithic period (ca. 12,000 BC) in the Levant, as a lime-based cement for assembling a flint microlith tool at the Kebaran geometric site Lagama North [2,3]. The first phase of the cycle involves heating calcareous rock or calcium carbonate (CaCO3) between 800° and 1000° C, during the heating process, about 44% of carbon dioxide is released (Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2023

Int J Conserv Sci

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This paper aims to analyze and evaluate the function of two types of ancient mortars in the bathhouse at al-Muwaqqar archaeological site in Jordan to promote the awareness level of cultural heritage conservation of ancient buildings and mortars in Jordan. The conservation of archaeological structures requires a thorough characterization and identification of the mortar components before carrying out the restoration, after the preserved results, and during the restoration process to decide how it responds. This work creates an experimental contribution through FTIR to study the influence of organic components on the mechanical performance of the mortar. The application of new techniques in terms of sustainability and compatibility is nowadays more and more important to preserve historical monuments, especially in the context of the increasing damage to the mortar joints in the al-Muwaqqar site. The paper presents new results concerning the identification of the binding materials of mortars, especially the organic parts as egg white or other organic components used in the bathhouse to connect the mosaics, and the collection of further information for compatibility challenges. The results will provide a new pioneering approach application in Jordan in the field of ancient restoration using mortar. The study concludes that it is easy to identify all the organic components of the mortar using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in the different bands of the organic material supported by thermogravimetric analysis TGA/SEM-EDX. The investigations of both methods have provided accurate information about the technology of mortar production and have indicated a proteinaceous additive in the mortar.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2023

Int J Conserv Sci

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“…Inorganic binders, including lime, sodium silicate, and other materials, are broadly used in multitudinous products owing to their outstanding physicochemical performance [24,25]. In fertilizer granulation, inorganic binders can solve puzzles that involve a low hardness, a low balling rate, a high moisture content, and a large budget of products [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Application of Modified Lignin Polyurea Binder for Manufacturing a Controlled-Release Potassium Fertilizer

Li,

Wang

et al. 2023

Agronomy

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Conventional potassium chloride granules have inefficient applications in agricultural production due to particle irregularity and low fluidity. The application of controlled-release potassium chloride could increase the potassium-use efficiency and alleviate the shortage of potassium ore resources. In this study, a well-rounded potassium chloride fertilizer core was prepared, using the graft modification of polyurea to enhance the coating rate and release performance. The adhesive and tensile characteristics of the modified polyurea binder, as well as the granule properties of modified polyurea binder potassium chloride, were studied to determine the ideal lignin-grafted ratio. The effect of the modified polyurea binder with potassium chloride on the properties of coated fertilizer was investigated. The findings, shown by radar maps of the binder’s properties, demonstrated that the ideal mass ratio of the modified lignin polyurea binder to urea is 1:2. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy results demonstrated that the amino functional groups of lignin were enhanced, improving the product’s interfacial compatibility with the polyurea matrix. Compared to humic acid (HA; 12%) and bentonite (Ben; 30%) treatments, the granule intensity of the 9.9%—1:2 treatment considerably increased by 139.10% and 38.86%, respectively, while the static angle of the granules reduced by 16.67% and 3.81%. The 28-day cumulative release rate of the modified polyurea (9.9%—2:1) with a 5% coating thickness was the lowest (28%), 42% lower than that of the lowest conventional treatment. In summary, the creation of a bio-lignin polyurea binder under the optimum conditions reduced the need for petrochemical-based materials, allowed the preparation of fertilizer with granules of increased fluidity, and enabled the successful coating of a high-salt potassium fertilizer, offering a novel technique for the high-value application of potash fertilizer coating.

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