Ancient gypsum mortars from St. Engracia (Zaragoza, Spain): Characterization. Identification of additives and treatments

Luxán, María Pilar de; Dorrego, Fernando; Laborde, A.

doi:10.1016/0008-8846(95)00171-9

Cited by 17 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Estas observaciones son acordes a las realizadas en otros trabajos sobre morteros históricos (8)(9)(10) The nature of the inorganic aggregates is very diverse but consists mainly of coarse-grained gypsum, carbonate and scarce silicate rock fragments (Table 2), as with other works (8)(9)(10). The gypsum aggregates are of alabaster type at different stages of thermal decomposition.…”

Section: Sgmsupporting

confidence: 51%

Caracterización de morteros mudéjares de la iglesia de San Gil Abad (Zaragoza, España): Investigación de la tecnología de fabricación de morteros históricos de yeso

Igea¹,

Mercadal²,

Martínez-Ramírez³

et al. 2012

Mater. construcc.

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Section: Sgmsupporting

confidence: 51%

Caracterización de morteros mudéjares de la iglesia de San Gil Abad (Zaragoza, España): Investigación de la tecnología de fabricación de morteros históricos de yeso

Igea¹,

Mercadal²,

Martínez-Ramírez³

et al. 2012

Mater. construcc.

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“…Beeswax was the most common natural wax used as an organic additive to provide impermeability and sealing property to the materials [53]. Since organic compounds are more susceptible to degradation than inorganic compounds, knowledge of the composition of ancient additives is essential for appropriate interventions on archaeological structures [53,54].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Petrographic and Chemical–Mineralogical Characterization of Mortars from the Cistern at Amaiur Castle (Navarre, Spain)

et al. 2020

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Mortars from the cistern in Amaiur Castle (Navarre, Spain) were analysed to assess the mortar manufacturing process and application techniques. To this end, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman microspectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were performed. The study of both structural and plaster mortars from Amaiur Castle cistern show patterns/rules in the mortar manufacture according to the specific construction requirements. A multilayer application technique was used for the construction of the cistern tank. Deliberate selection of the aggregate nature and grading contributed to mortar impermeability. Ceramic and silico-aluminous rock fragments were used as aggregates in the cistern tank to confer hydraulicity to the mortars, instead of carbonated aggregates as used in the vault. Aluminosilicated phases present in the aggregates led to the formation of amesite, which is a magnesium aluminosilicate hydrate (M-A-S-H) phase conferring hydraulicity to the mortar. Two types of additives were identified in the outer pigmented layer of plaster. Beeswax was the identified organic additive used to improve the impermeability of mortar, while hematite was the identified inorganic additive giving rise to the reddish colour of the layer.

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“…-Wood, straw and charcoal in Roman mortars and plasters from Petra in Jordan (Al-Bashaireh and Hodgins 2011); -A saccharide material-based additive of plant origin and a natural gum in the mortars of the medieval shipyard of Amalfi Arsenale (Rampazzi et al 2016); -Egg white and urea in the mortars from the Yoros Castle (13 th -14 th AD) at Anadolukavağı (Kurugöl and Güleç 2012); -Fibers in 13 th -18 th AD mortars from Erzurum in Turkey (Binici et al 2010); -Proteins and/or animal blood in post-medieval earthen mortars from Cremona in Italy (Cantù et al 2016); -Egg yolk, oil and some resin in mortars repairs from the St. Engracia Basilica at Zaragoza in Spain (Luxán et al 1995); -Sticky rice, egg white and tung oil, brown sugar, pig blood and tung oil in several Chinese mortars, variously dated from 563 to 1381 AD (Yang et al 2009;Yang et al 2010;Zhang et al 2014;Zhao et al 2014aZhao et al , b, 2015.…”

Section: A(3) the Additives (~ Modern Additives Admixtures And Aggregates)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mortars, plasters and pigments—research questions and sampling criteria

Gliozzo

Pizzo

Russa

2021

Archaeol Anthropol Sci

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Within the Topical Collection, this paper represents an introductory contribution aimed at describing and discussing the research questions and the sampling criteria in the field of mortars, plasters and pigments studies. The paper is divided into three parts. In the first part, some terminological issues are clarified and the building archaeology is introduced as an indispensable method for sampling and interpreting archaeometric results. In the second part, the most common research questions are presented and discussed. Some case studies are also reported to clarify what the expected results may be. The sampling problem is faced in the third part, where the criteria for a representative, functional and suitable selection are provided.

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Ancient gypsum mortars from St. Engracia (Zaragoza, Spain): Characterization. Identification of additives and treatments

Cited by 17 publications

References 3 publications

Caracterización de morteros mudéjares de la iglesia de San Gil Abad (Zaragoza, España): Investigación de la tecnología de fabricación de morteros históricos de yeso

Caracterización de morteros mudéjares de la iglesia de San Gil Abad (Zaragoza, España): Investigación de la tecnología de fabricación de morteros históricos de yeso

Petrographic and Chemical–Mineralogical Characterization of Mortars from the Cistern at Amaiur Castle (Navarre, Spain)

Mortars, plasters and pigments—research questions and sampling criteria

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