“…Identifying negatively selected amino acid sites in proteins among vertebrates may be useful for predicting deleterious mutations associated with human diseases (Ng and Henikoff, 2001;Sunyaev et al, 2001;Chun and Fay, 2009). It has also been reported that disease-associated genes were often positively selected during evolution (Medawar, 1946;Neel, 1962;Clark et al, 2003;Nielsen et al, 2005a;Suzuki, 2006a, but see also Bustamante et al, 2005;The Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium, 2005). In pathogens, detection of positively and negatively selected amino acid sites may be useful for predicting epitopes recognized by host immune systems (Suzuki and Gojobori, 2001) and targets of effective vaccines and drugs (Suzuki, 2004a(Suzuki, , 2006b, respectively.…”