Ancillary services provision in terminal distribution systems

Demoulias, Charis S.; Malamaki, Kyriaki-Nefeli D.; Kryonidis, Georgios C.; Kontis, Eleftherios O.; Gkavanoudis, Spyros I.; Oureilidis, Konstantinos O.; Mauricio, J.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821204-2.00042-8

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…range. Since the CI-DRES intermittent nature which involves high active power Ramp Rates (RRs) might jeopardize the frequency stability, the TSOs often commit large amounts of fueldriven reserves, [1], [2]. Other solutions recently adopted by TSOs in weak TSs (e.g., Puerto Rico) to mitigate the frequency instability caused by high RRs is the RR Limitation (RRL) of the CI-DRES mainly by active power curtailment, [3], [4] or the placement of central large-scale Energy Storage Systems (ESS), [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other solutions recently adopted by TSOs in weak TSs (e.g., Puerto Rico) to mitigate the frequency instability caused by high RRs is the RR Limitation (RRL) of the CI-DRES mainly by active power curtailment, [3], [4] or the placement of central large-scale Energy Storage Systems (ESS), [5]. Each solution comes with specific drawbacks, e.g., loss of income for the CI-DRES owners, or involvement of large energy market players, [1]- [3], [6], [7]. At Distribution Network (DN) level increased CI-DRES penetration with high active power RRs can cause power and voltage quality issues, e.g., flickering and rapid voltage changes, [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Ramp-Rate Limitation at Distribution Transformer Level via Central and Distributed Storage Systems

Malamaki,

Fu,

Mauricio

et al. 2023

2023 IEEE Belgrade PowerTech

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As the penetration of Converter-Interfaced Distributed Renewable Energy Sources (CI-DRES) increases, several problems are revealed in electric power systems, e.g., power quality issues, reverse power flows and frequency instability. A solution to tackle these issues is the mitigation of high CI-DRES active power ramp-rates (RRs) by utilizing energy storage systems (ESS). In many grid-codes at transmission system (TS) level, it is specified that the CI-DRES limit their RRs, while also the utilization of a central ESS has been proposed to limit the RRs. Nevertheless, this approach involves only large energy market players. Although various RRL methods have been proposed for CI-DRES, a remaining gap is the evaluation of the RR of a Distribution Network (DN) containing CI-DRES and loads together with the influence of distributed ESS in the DN. Towards this direction, in this paper, this evaluation is performed in order to study the RRL capability of a low-voltage (LV) DN considering both central and distributed ESS. The analysis is conducted in the LV CIGRE DN via quasi-steady-state and RMS simulations in PowerFactory considering several techno-economic parameters, e.g., ESS size, type, per unit cost. This evaluation will help towards the integration of the RRL control in the grid codes in DNs so that it can be considered as a new ancillary service to be remunerated in respective markets where also small CI-DRES owners will be able to participate.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Ramp-Rate Limitation at Distribution Transformer Level via Central and Distributed Storage Systems

Malamaki,

Fu,

Mauricio

et al. 2023

2023 IEEE Belgrade PowerTech

Self Cite

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“…In cases of high DRES penetration levels, the volatility of the injected power can potentially lead to significant voltage and frequency deviations [2], [3], which pose challenges to grid stability [4]. To mitigate the effects of active power fluctuations on power quality and grid stability, transmission system operators (TSOs) deploy grid codes that impose specific ramp-rate (RR) limitations (RRLs) on DRESs that are directly connected to the transmission system (TS) [5], [6].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clearly, many different RRL requirements are applied globally. Another noteworthy fact is that although high-power ramps can be easily identified visually, in existing grid codes, no unified definition of active power ramps exists [5], [6]. Most grid codes express this requirement as a per-minute limitation but do not define how the power ramps are measured, e.g., minute-to-minute average power [13].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Provision of Ramp-rate Limitation as Ancillary Service from Distribution to Transmission System: Definitions and Methodologies for Control and Sizing of Central Battery Energy Storage System

I. Gkavanoudis,

D. Malamaki,

O. Kontis

et al. 2023

Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy

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The variability of the output power of distributed renewable energy sources (DRESs) that originate from the fastchanging climatic conditions can negatively affect the grid stability. Therefore, grid operators have incorporated ramp-rate limitations (RRLs) for the injected DRES power in the grid codes. As the DRES penetration levels increase, the mitigation of high-power ramps is no longer considered as a system support function but rather an ancillary service (AS). Energy storage systems (ESSs) coordinated by RR control algorithms are often applied to mitigate these power fluctuations. However, no unified definition of active power ramps, which is essential to treat the RRL as AS, currently exists. This paper assesses the various definitions for ramp-rate RR and proposes RRL method control for a central battery ESS (BESS) in distribution systems (DSs). The ultimate objective is to restrain high-power ramps at the distribution transformer level so that RRL can be traded as AS to the upstream transmission system (TS). The proposed control is based on the direct control of the ΔP/Δt, which means that the control parameters are directly correlated with the RR requirements included in the grid codes. In addition, a novel method for restoring the state of charge (SoC) within a specific range following a high ramp-up/down event is proposed. Finally, a parametric method for estimating the sizing of central BESSs (BESS sizing for short) is developed. The BESS sizing is determined by considering the RR requirements, the DRES units, and the load mix of the examined DS. The BESS sizing is directly related to the constant RR achieved us-ing the proposed control. Finally, the proposed methodologies are validated through simulations in MATLAB/Simulink and laboratory tests in a commercially available BESS.

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Ramp-Rate Limitation of Renewable Energy Sources for Voltage Quality Improvement in Distribution Networks: An Experimental Study

Dimoulias,

Malamaki,

Gross

et al. 2023

2023 International Conference on Smart Energy Systems and Technologies (SEST)

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Ancillary services provision in terminal distribution systems

Cited by 5 publications

References 72 publications

Evaluation of Ramp-Rate Limitation at Distribution Transformer Level via Central and Distributed Storage Systems

Evaluation of Ramp-Rate Limitation at Distribution Transformer Level via Central and Distributed Storage Systems

Provision of Ramp-rate Limitation as Ancillary Service from Distribution to Transmission System: Definitions and Methodologies for Control and Sizing of Central Battery Energy Storage System

Ramp-Rate Limitation of Renewable Energy Sources for Voltage Quality Improvement in Distribution Networks: An Experimental Study

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