Androgen metabolism assessment by routine gas chromatography/mass spectrometry profiling of plasma steroids: part 1, unconjugated steroids

Wudy, Stefan A.; Wachter, Ulrich; Homoki, J.; Teller, W. M.; Shackleton, Cedric

doi:10.1016/0039-128x(92)90050-j

Cited by 49 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…During last decade, tandem MS has become the method of choice for analyzing endogenous steroids (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27). To our knowledge, there have been no published LC-MS/MS-based measurements of steroids in ovarian FF samples from RM women and from women after ovarian stimulation for IVF.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steroid Profiles in Ovarian Follicular Fluid from Regularly Menstruating Women and Women after Ovarian Stimulation

et al. 2009

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BACKGROUND:Information on the concentrations of steroids in ovarian follicular fluid (FF) from regularly menstruating (RM) women has been limited because of the absence of methods for the simultaneous quantification of multiple steroids in small volumes of FF. We studied steroid profiles in FF during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and after ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization (IVF), and compared concentrations with published values obtained by immunoassay (IA).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steroid Profiles in Ovarian Follicular Fluid from Regularly Menstruating Women and Women after Ovarian Stimulation

et al. 2009

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“…Androgens were measured by using selected-ion-monitoring GC͞MS with deuterium-labeled androstenedione, testosterone, DHT, and 5␣-adiol as internal standards (14). For the plasma assays, an internal standard mixture was added to each aliquot, and steroids were extracted twice with isooctane͞methylene chloride (2:1, vol/vol).…”

Section: Gas Chromatography͞mass Spectrometry (Gc͞ms)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prostate formation in a marsupial is mediated by the testicular androgen 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol

Shaw

Renfree

Leihy

et al. 2000

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

101

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Development of the male urogenital tract in mammals is mediated by testicular androgens. It has been tacitly assumed that testosterone acts through its intracellular metabolite dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to mediate this process, but levels of these androgens are not sexually dimorphic in plasma at the time of prostate development. Here we show that the 3␣-reduced derivative of DHT, 5␣-androstane-3␣,17␤-diol (5␣-adiol), is formed in testes of tammar wallaby pouch young and is higher in male than in female plasma in this species during early sexual differentiation. Administration of 5␣-adiol caused formation of prostatic buds in female wallaby pouch young, and in tissue minces of urogenital sinus and urogenital tubercle radioactive 5␣-adiol was converted to DHT, suggesting that circulating 5␣-adiol acts through DHT in target tissues. We conclude that circulating 5␣-adiol is a key hormone in male development. I n all mammalian species testicular androgens control three aspects of male phenotypic development-conversion of the wolffian ducts into the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles; formation of the male urethra and prostate; and formation of the phallus (1). Studies in animals and humans with mutations in the genes that encode the androgen receptor or steroid 5␣-reductase 2 indicate that testosterone virilizes the wolffian ducts and that 5␣-reduced androgens are essential for formation of the prostate and phallus (1). Because virilization occurs during early fetal development in eutherian mammals, it has not been possible to measure androgens in the circulation when virilization begins.Marsupial mammals offer an advantage for studying male phenotypic development, which takes place after birth when the young are easily accessible in the pouch and over a longer period than in the eutherian, so that it is possible to study the various aspects of phenotypic development individually (2). Virilization of the urogenital tract in the male marsupial pouch young is similar to that in eutherian fetuses, except that formation of the scrotum in marsupials is androgen-independent (2-6). This process has been examined in detail in one marsupial species, the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii, in which formation of the prostate begins in the urogenital sinus at around day 20 postpartum (5), whereas virilization of the penis commences around day 100 (6). Testosterone concentrations in the testes increase before prostate formation begins (7), and prostate development can be prevented by administration of the steroid 5␣-reductase inhibitor finasteride (8), which blocks the formation of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), or of the androgen receptor inhibitor flutamide (9), which prevents the actions of both testosterone and DHT. Administration of large amounts of testosterone (5) or transplantation of testes to female pouch young (10) causes prostate development, whereas castration of 10-day-old male pouch young prevents formation of the prostate and penis (10).Despite the wealth of evidence for a crucial role of 5␣-reduced androge...

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“…The extent to which the data are processed depends T HF aTHF a-cort~-cortol 1 11~-OH-Aet 11~-OH-And on the clinical problem and the selectivity and sensitivity of the detector of the Gc. Limited information on the steroid profile of serum has been obtained by quantitative GC-MS. 2 Examination of the steroid content of a maternal serum and cord blood serum by GC-MS was used as evidence to support a prenatal diagnosis of congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia.' Prior to renal clearance, steroids are metabolized in the liver.…”

Section: Biochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Steroid Profiling

Honour

1997

Ann Clin Biochem

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This review describes the analytical aspects of urinary steroid profiling which is a multicomponent analysis using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) designed to reveal, at the biochemical level, defects in metabolism largely of adrenal cortical steroids. The gonadal steroid metabolites are nearly always present at lower levels than the adrenal steroids and some metabolites are derived from hormones of both organs. A urine steroid profile is among those tests which are rarely requested by most laboratories, and because of the need for specialist steroid biochemical knowledge and equipment, the test is generally provided through the Supra Regional Assay service (SAS). A urinary steroid profile is particularly recommended for the investigation of infants of uncertain gender, but is also used in the investigation of children and adults with saltloss, virilization and hypertension. The clinical applications of steroid profiling in infants and childhood have been reviewed separately. I The adrenal cortex, gonads and placenta secrete steroid hormones into the circulation the concentrations of some of which are measured for diagnostic purposes. A serum hormone estimation will often need to be compared with the concentration of corresponding trophic hormones. In some endocrine investigations repeated sampling may be necessary in order to demonstrate the amplitude and frequency of pulsatile events or to examine hormone concentrations after a provocative test. Several measurements on a blood sample add considerably to the cost of the investigations of a patient with an endocrine problem.The simultaneous analysis of several urinary steroids is often complementary to serum hormone measurements. The measurement of steroid excretion rates in a 24 h urine sample (urine steroid profile) has the advantage of 32 integrating output and overcomes the problem of timing of blood samples in relation to the circadian level of adrenal activity. Although the complete profile is usually examined, sometimes it is only necessary to identify and quantitate selected steroids. The identification of steroids from mass spectrometric data will be more specific than relying upon the retention time alone of a peak in the GC analysis with flame ionization detector. The steroid content of urine by GC gives specific diagnostic information in a single analysis unaffected by the presence of unusual steroids which occur in blood and interfere with immunoassays. In many profile investigations, accurate quantitative data in a 24 h urine collection may not be essential because the balance of some individual or groups of metabolites may be so deranged that the effects can be detected in a spot sample. In some cases ratios of steroid concentrations, usually the substrate and product of one enzyme, provide diagnostic information. The effective use of steroid profiling requires a deep understanding of steroid endocrinology and is best performed in a referral centre with the support of specialist clinicians. In the newborn and patients with stero...

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Androgen metabolism assessment by routine gas chromatography/mass spectrometry profiling of plasma steroids: part 1, unconjugated steroids

Cited by 49 publications

References 14 publications

Steroid Profiles in Ovarian Follicular Fluid from Regularly Menstruating Women and Women after Ovarian Stimulation

Steroid Profiles in Ovarian Follicular Fluid from Regularly Menstruating Women and Women after Ovarian Stimulation

Prostate formation in a marsupial is mediated by the testicular androgen 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol

Steroid Profiling

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