Androgen receptors are differentially expressed in Gleason patterns of prostate cancer and down‐regulated in matched lymph node metastases

Fleischmann, Achim; Rocha, Carla; Schobinger, Sylviane; Seiler, Roland; Wiese, Birgitt; Thalmann, George N.

doi:10.1002/pros.21259

Cited by 32 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…However, other studies that only included lymph node metastases showed a lower or constant level of AR compared with primary prostate cancer. [24][25][26] Notably, expression of PSA, PSAP, and AR is not restricted to prostatic tissue. 5,6,27 High specificity is an essential requirement for diagnostic markers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of different prostatic markers in lymph node and distant metastases of prostate cancer

Queisser¹,

Hagedorn²,

Braun³

et al. 2015

Modern Pathology

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Prostate cancer is mostly diagnosed at an early stage; however, some tumors are diagnosed in a metastatic stage as cancer of unknown primary origin. In order to allow specific treatment in the case of prostate cancer presenting as cancer of unknown primary origin, it is important to determine the tumor origin. Prostate-specific antigen is used as a diagnostic marker for prostate cancer but the expression declines with progression to castration-resistant prostate cancer. Aim of this study was to identify the most informative marker constellation, which is able to detect metastatic prostate cancer at high sensitivity. The widely used prostate cancer markers such as prostate-specific antigen, prostate-specific acid phosphatase, androgen receptor, prostate-specific membrane antigen, prostein, and ETS-related gene were investigated for their sensitivity to detect prostatic origin of metastases. Expression of prostate-specific antigen, prostate-specific acid phosphatase, androgen receptor, prostate-specific membrane antigen, prostein, and ETS-related gene was determined on archived tissue specimens consisting of benign prostatic tissue (n ¼ 9), primary prostate cancer (n ¼ 79), lymph node metastases (n ¼ 58), and distant metastases (n ¼ 39) using immunohistochemistry. The staining intensity was categorized as negative (0), weak (1), moderate (2), and strong (3). All markers except ETS-related gene were able to detect at least 70% of lymph node metastases and distant metastases, with prostate-specific antigen, androgen receptor, and prostate-specific membrane antigen having the highest sensitivity (97%, 91%, and 94%, respectively). A further increase of the sensitivity up to 98% and 100% could be achieved by the combination of prostate-specific antigen, prostate-specific membrane antigen, or androgen receptor for lymph node metastases and for distant metastases, respectively. The same sensitivity could be reached by combining prostate-specific membrane antigen and prostein. Our data show that a combined staining of at least two prostate markers should be utilized to identify metastases as originating from prostate cancer. Modern Pathology (2015) 28, 138-145; doi:10.1038/modpathol.2014 published online 13 June 2014 Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed non-epidermal cancer and second-most common cancer-related cause of death in men in the western world. 1 The patients' death is often caused by the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Most prostate cancers are detected early in a localized stage; however, in some cases, metastases can be the first manifestation of a prostate cancer. 2 Unlike other carcinomas, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer responds to hormonal therapy and therefore the identification of the tumor origin is important in order to allow specific treatment. Male patients with a metastatic adenocarcinoma are routinely assessed for prostatic origin using prostate-specific immunohistochemistry markers like prostate-specific antigen (PSA). 3 PSA is highly expressed in benign prosta...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of different prostatic markers in lymph node and distant metastases of prostate cancer

Queisser¹,

Hagedorn²,

Braun³

et al. 2015

Modern Pathology

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“…AR is important in male urogenital development, and is strongly expressed in the majority of prostatic adenocarcinomas [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Historically, AR expression was considered to be relatively specific to prostate carcinoma with expression maintained even in poorly differentiated tumors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Androgen receptor immunohistochemistry in genitourinary neoplasms

et al. 2014

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“…The presence of cancer stem cells that possess quiescence and selfrenewal capability is consistent with selection model, so explaining the outgrowth of prostate cancer after ADT [47,50]. Anyway, the most reasonable and likely scenario is the coexistence of both models of resistance in a same tumor or patient, existing some evidence regarding this state [51,52].…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Resistance In Prostate Cancermentioning

confidence: 72%

New advances in genitourinary cancer: evidence gathered in 2014

Suárez

Puente

Gallardo³

et al. 2015

Cancer Metastasis Rev

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This review provides updated information published in 2014 regarding advances and major achievements in genitourinary cancer. Sections include the best in prostate cancer, renal cancer, bladder cancer, and germ cell tumors. In the field of prostate cancer, data related to treatment approach of hormone-sensitive disease, castrate-resistant prostate cancer, mechanisms of resistance, new drugs, and molecular research are presented. In relation to renal cancer, relevant aspects in the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma, immunotherapy, and molecular research, including angiogenesis and von Hippel-Lindau gene, molecular biology of non-clear cell histologies, and epigenetics of clear renal cell cancer are described. New strategies in the management of muscle-invasive localized bladder cancer and metastatic disease are reported as well as salient findings of biomolecular research in urothelial cancer. Some approaches intended to improve outcomes in poor prognosis patients with metastatic germ cell cancer are also reported. Results of clinical trials in these areas are discussed.

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Androgen receptors are differentially expressed in Gleason patterns of prostate cancer and down‐regulated in matched lymph node metastases

Cited by 32 publications

References 33 publications

Comparison of different prostatic markers in lymph node and distant metastases of prostate cancer

Comparison of different prostatic markers in lymph node and distant metastases of prostate cancer

Androgen receptor immunohistochemistry in genitourinary neoplasms

New advances in genitourinary cancer: evidence gathered in 2014

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