Androgen Status of the Nonautoimmune Dry Eye Subtypes

Tamer, Cengaver; Öksüz, Hüseyın; Söğüt, Sadık

doi:10.1159/000095771

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Chia et al reported that women have a higher tendency to develop symptomatic DE. This finding may be associated with gender-related hormone levels,17 as the androgen pool of non-autoimmune DE patients with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is significantly depleted compared with that of non-MGD and control cases 18. Our findings agree with the Chia study that female gender is a risk factor for DE.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Discrepancy between subjectively reported symptoms and objectively measured clinical findings in dry eye: a population based analysis

Hua

Yao

et al. 2014

BMJ Open

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ObjectiveTo investigate the discrepancy between patient-reported symptoms and measured clinical findings and influencing factors in dry eye (DE).SettingA population-based, cross-sectional study was performed in July–August 2007 in northeast China. The study was performed on populations originating from two rural districts that are respectively located approximately 377 and 177 km from our hospital.Participants2600 eligible residents from 1300 households were identified; valid responses were obtained from 2262 residents (mean age 48 (range 12–88) years; 926 men and 1336 women; response rate 87%).Primary outcome measuresPatient-reported symptoms of DE, tear film break up time (BUT) and Schirmer scores (Schirmer II).ResultsSubjects with normal BUT and Schirmer scores without any DE symptoms were defined as the control group. Those with abnormal BUT and Schirmer scores and symptoms of DE were defined as the DE group. Subjects with disparities between the occurrence of DE symptoms and measured clinical findings were regarded as the discrepancy. Out of 2262 subjects, the discrepant group contained 960 subjects (42.44%) with significant difference (χ2=4.027, p=0.045<0.05). Factors that influenced the subjective reporting of DE symptoms included gender, smoking status, environment and age. Schirmer II test and tear film BUT values were remarkably different among control, DE and discrepant groups.ConclusionsDevelopment of DE can be related to many factors. It is of great importance to put forward the preclinical phase concept (patients who are symptomatic for DE and yet show no aqueous deficiency or evaporative signs) and to screen outpatients with DE-inducing features. Future interventions should focus on patients demonstrating a discrepancy between self-reported symptomology and measured clinical findings.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Discrepancy between subjectively reported symptoms and objectively measured clinical findings in dry eye: a population based analysis

Hua

Yao

et al. 2014

BMJ Open

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“…First, we did not measure the serum levels of androgens and their metabolites in the women with pSS, sSS + SLE, and sSS + RA, because we had previously performed, and published the results of, such analyses [4]. Of interest, other researchers found that patients with non-autoimmune MGD are also androgen deficient [109]. Second, several control patients had diabetes, hypertension, depression, and hypercholesterolemia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meibomian Gland Dysfunction in Primary and Secondary Sjögren Syndrome

et al. 2018

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Purpose: We hypothesized that women with primary (pSS) and secondary Sjögren syndrome (sSS; with systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE] or rheumatoid arthritis [RA]) have meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). We sought to test our hypothesis. Methods: Subjects with pSS, sSS + SLE, sSS + RA, and non-SS-related MGD were recruited from the Sjögren’s Syndrome Foundation or outpatient clinics at Tufts University School of Dental Medicine or Brigham and Women’s Hospital. The control population was recruited from the Greater Boston area. After providing written informed consent, the subjects underwent an eye examination and/or completed two questionnaires that assess symptoms of dry eye disease (DED). Results: Our results demonstrate that pSS and sSS patients have MGD. These subjects had meibomian gland orifice metaplasia, an increased number of occluded meibomian gland orifices, and a reduced quality of meibomian gland secretions. Further, patients with pSS, sSS + SLE, sSS + RA, and MGD had significant alterations in their tear film, lid margin, cornea, and conjunctiva. Symptoms of DED were increased ∼10-fold in all pSS, sSS, and MGD groups relative to controls. Conclusions: Our findings support our hypothesis and show that individuals with pSS, sSS + SLE, and sSS + RA have MGD. In addition, our study indicates that patients with pSS and sSS have both aqueous-deficient and evaporative DED.

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“…For instance, estrogen depletion in postmenopausal women is associated with higher risk of developing age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) as well as Alzheimer's disease, and risks seem to be relieved among postmenopausal hormone users 3–5. Androgen effects, so far mainly characterized at the anterior segment of the eye, are associated with dry eye syndromes 6.…”

Section: Protein Identification By Msmentioning

confidence: 99%

A retinal proteomics‐based study identifies αA‐crystallin as a sex steroid‐regulated protein

D’Anna¹,

Cascio²,

Cigna³

et al. 2011

Proteomics

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Sex steroids influence the structural and functional organization of ocular tissues, promote survival in several pathological conditions including retinal neurodegeneration and have a prominent role in age-related eye diseases as well as neurodegenerative diseases. However, their underlying mechanisms are still elusive. We explored proteomic profiling of rat retinas following intravitreal injection of the bioactive 17β-estradiol or androgen dihydrotestosterone. Using narrow range 2-DE gels and MALDI-TOF-MS analysis, we identified three sex steroid-regulated proteins: the galectin-related-inter-fiber (GRIFIN) which is a galectin family member protein of unknown function, the fatty acid-binding protein epidermal-5 (FABP5) protein responsible for the fatty acid uptake and transport and the small heat shock αA-crystallin (CRYAA) protein involved in preventing aggregation of denatured or unfolded proteins. Changes in the expression of these proteins revealed a predominant estrogenic effect and the multiple CRYAA protein species reflected posttranslational modifications. Sex steroid-mediated modifications of CRYAA were confirmed by Western blotting analysis. This study provides new target proteins for sex steroids with a potential link to age-related diseases associated with proteotoxic stress.

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Androgen Status of the Nonautoimmune Dry Eye Subtypes

Cited by 19 publications

References 49 publications

Discrepancy between subjectively reported symptoms and objectively measured clinical findings in dry eye: a population based analysis

Discrepancy between subjectively reported symptoms and objectively measured clinical findings in dry eye: a population based analysis

Meibomian Gland Dysfunction in Primary and Secondary Sjögren Syndrome

A retinal proteomics‐based study identifies αA‐crystallin as a sex steroid‐regulated protein

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