The conservation of endangered fish is of critical importance. Cryobanking could provide an effective backup measure for use in conjunction with the conservation of natural populations; however, methodology for cryopreservation of fish eggs and embryos has not yet been developed. The present study established a methodology capable of deriving functional eggs and sperm from frozen type A spermatogonia (ASGs). Whole testes taken from rainbow trout were slowly frozen in a cryomedium, and the viability of ASGs within these testes did not decrease over a 728-d freezing period. Frozenthawed ASGs that were intraperitoneally transplanted into sterile triploid hatchlings migrated toward, and were incorporated into, recipient genital ridges. Transplantability of ASGs did not decrease after as much as 939 d of cryopreservation. Nearly half of triploid recipients produced functional eggs or sperm derived from the frozen ASGs and displayed high fecundity. Fertilization of resultant gametes resulted in the successful production of normal, frozen ASG-derived offspring. Feasibility and simplicity of this methodology will call for an immediate application for real conservation of endangered wild salmonids.fish genetic resources | testes cryopreservation | germ cell transplantation | stem cell | triploid trout B ecause of the environmental effects of human activities, a growing number of fish species have become threatened or are already extinct (1). Salmonid species are particularly vulnerable to habitat destruction and the effects of climate change as they occupy a unique ecological niche resulting from their longrange migration between freshwater and marine habitats (2, 3). Conservation strategies for these threatened fish must therefore be developed and implemented with all possible haste. Complicating the conservation of threatened salmonid populations are the risks associated with captive breeding and translocation of live fish, such as facility accidents, pathogen infections, genetic drift, and reduced fitness of individuals within natural habitats (4, 5).Cryobanking of fish gametes to semipermanently (6) store genetic resources could serve as an alternative approach to traditional conservation methods (7); however, past attempts at cryopreservation of fish embryos and mature oocytes have been unsuccessful (8), as a result of their large size, high yolk content, and low membrane permeability (9, 10). Although androgenesis performed by using frozen sperm and γ-ray-inactivated xenogenic eggs can regenerate live fish, their survival rate is extremely low, and resulting offspring become nuclear-cytoplasmic hybrids (11). The loss of maternally inherited materials including mitochondrial DNA makes this method impractical, as it also does for the transfer of nuclei from cryopreserved somatic cells into xenogenic oocytes (12, 13). In zebrafish, in vitro maturation of immature oocytes subsequent to cryopreservation is also impossible. Although techniques for cryopreservation of stage I and II oocytes (diameter, 90-350 μm) (14) and ...