Androgenic sex steroids contribute to metabolic risk beyond intra‐abdominal fat in overweight/obese black and white women

Perry, Arlette C.; Wang, Xuewen; Goldberg, Ronald; Ross, Robert; Jackson, Loreto

doi:10.1002/oby.20204

Cited by 16 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…However, the sensitivity analyses between women and men revealed the mediation effect values are quite different, that is the difference TyG index mediation effect on BMI-hypertension (25.24% in women and 57.35% in men). It has been reported that androgenic sex hormones contributed to the variance in insulin resistance [31] and estrogen deficiency appears to be associated with an increased risk for the development of most of the clinical features comprising hypertension [32]. This mechanism can be explained precisely by the difference between the mediation effect between men and women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal relationship between body mass index and triglyceride-glucose index and its impact on the incident of hypertension

Xie

Guo

Zhao

et al. 2019

Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases

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Background and aims: Obesity and insulin levels can influence each other by metabolism. However, their temporal sequences and influence on hypertension are generally unknown, especially in Chinese adults. Recently, some scholars have proposed that triglyceridesglucose index (TyG) is an important indicator of insulin resistance. The study aims to describe the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and TyG index and its impact on hypertension. Methods and results: A total of 4081 adults (56.33% women) without antihypertensive, hypoglycemic or lipid-lowering medications were selected for the present study. Measurements of BMI and TyG index were obtained twice from 2012 to 2017. Cross-lagged panel analysis was used to describe the temporal sequences between BMI and TyG index, and the effect of their temporal relationship patterns on hypertension was explored through mediation analysis. After adjusting for confounding factors (age, sex, ethnicity et al.), the cross-lagged path coefficient from baseline BMI to follow-up TyG (r 2 Z 0.135, P < 0.001) was significantly greater than the path coefficient from baseline TyG to follow-up BMI (r 1 Z 0.043, P < 0.001), and P < 0.001 for the difference between r 1 and r 2. Furthermore, the sensitivity analyses between women and men revealed identical findings. In addition, TyG index mediation effect on BMI-hypertension was estimated to be 38.45% (P < 0.001) in total population, 25.24% in women and 57.35% in men. Conclusion: These results provided evidence that the temporal relationship between BMI and insulin resistance is reciprocal and a higher BMI precedes hyperinsulinemia in Chinese adults. This relationship plays an essential role in the development of hypertension, while there is a difference between women and men.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal relationship between body mass index and triglyceride-glucose index and its impact on the incident of hypertension

Xie

Guo

Zhao

et al. 2019

Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases

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“…However, the testosterone levels were similar among premenopausal and postmenopausal women. This suggested that fat redistribution may be affected by a marked decreased in estrogen levels but not by increased testosterone level [23]. Estrogen and androgen receptors are expressed in visceral and subcutaneous fat cells.…”

Section: Menopause-associated Changes In Fat Mass and Fatty Acid Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Menopause-Associated Lipid Metabolic Disorders and Foods Beneficial for Postmenopausal Women

2020

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Menopause is clinically diagnosed as a condition when a woman has not menstruated for one year. During the menopausal transition period, there is an emergence of various lipid metabolic disorders due to hormonal changes, such as decreased levels of estrogens and increased levels of circulating androgens; these may lead to the development of metabolic syndromes including cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism affects the body fat mass, fat-free mass, fatty acid metabolism, and various aspects of energy metabolism, such as basal metabolic ratio, adiposity, and obesity. Moreover, menopause is also associated with alterations in the levels of various lipids circulating in the blood, such as lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and triacylglycerol (TG). Alterations in lipid metabolism and excessive adipose tissue play a key role in the synthesis of excess fatty acids, adipocytokines, proinflammatory cytokines, and reactive oxygen species, which cause lipid peroxidation and result in the development of insulin resistance, abdominal adiposity, and dyslipidemia. This review discusses dietary recommendations and beneficial compounds, such as vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, phytochemicals—and their food sources—to aid the management of abnormal lipid metabolism in postmenopausal women.

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“…A race interaction was also demonstrated, indicating a strong positive relationship between glucose and FAI in White women while almost no relationship was shown in Black women. Thus, Perry [72] reported a direct effect of androgenic sex steroids on several metabolic variables associated with CVD and diabetes risk that was independent of VAT. She also showed that androgenic sex steroids may not be a good indicator of insulin/glucose status in Black women.…”

Section: Race Differences In Androgenic Sex Steroids and Its Relationmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Perry et al [72] examined this relationship further in overweight/obese Black and White premenopausal women. She observed that both VAT and androgenic sex steroids were significantly associated with the metabolic risk profile.…”

Section: Race Differences In Androgenic Sex Steroids and Its Relationmentioning

confidence: 97%

Race differences in obesity and its relationship to the sex hormone milieu

Perry

Martin

2014

Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation

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A sexual dimorphism exists in which increased abdominal and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) - found in women and marked by low sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and high bioavailable testosterone (BT) - is related to the metabolic risk profile. In men, increased BT is related to decreased abdominal obesity and a decrease in the metabolic risk profile. In women, race differences have been found in androgenic sex steroids including SHBG and BT as well as central fat distribution, creating inherently greater metabolic risk for certain populations. Estrogen and estrogen receptor isoforms play a role in fat deposition and distribution and may influence the changes that occur during the menopausal transition. Androgenic sex steroids serve a mediating role, influencing VAT accumulation and its associated metabolic risk factors while VAT also serves a mediating role influencing the androgenic sex steroid-metabolic risk relationship in women. Furthermore, androgenic sex steroids and VAT may independently contribute to the variance in several metabolic variables associated with cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and their antecedent conditions such as the metabolic syndrome. Race has been shown to modify the relationship between androgenic sex steroids and metabolic variables associated with risk for diabetes in Black and White women. Further research is warranted to examine the mechanisms involved in race differences. Total adiposity and central fat distribution in accordance with changes in the hormone and metabolic milieu influence breast cancer risk, which varies by race and menopausal status. These findings have broader implications for the study of health promotion/disease prevention in women.

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Androgenic sex steroids contribute to metabolic risk beyond intra‐abdominal fat in overweight/obese black and white women

Cited by 16 publications

References 40 publications

Temporal relationship between body mass index and triglyceride-glucose index and its impact on the incident of hypertension

Temporal relationship between body mass index and triglyceride-glucose index and its impact on the incident of hypertension

Menopause-Associated Lipid Metabolic Disorders and Foods Beneficial for Postmenopausal Women

Race differences in obesity and its relationship to the sex hormone milieu

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