Anelloviruses versus human immunity: how do we control these viruses?

Abstract

One continuous companion and one of the major players in the human blood virome are members of the Anelloviridae family. Anelloviruses are probably found in all humans, infection occurs early in life and the composition (anellome) is thought to remain stable and personal during adulthood. The stable anellome implies a great balance between the host immune system and the virus. However, the lack of a robust culturing system hampers direct investigation of interactions between virus and host cells. Other techniques however, including next generation sequencing, AnelloScan-antibody tests, evolution selection pressure analysis and virus protein structures, do provide new insights into the interactions between anelloviruses and the host immune system. This review aims at providing an overview of the current knowledge on the immune mechanisms acting on anelloviruses and the countering viral mechanisms allowing immune evasion.

A novel functional gene delivery platform based on a commensal human anellovirus demonstrates transduction in multiple tissue types

“…Given the reports of AAV9 and other AAV serotype-induced CNS toxicity [Hordeaux 2020, Van Alstyne 2021, Suriano 2021, Guo 2023], the data reported here, though preliminary, suggest that ANV.eGFP may result in less axon degeneration compared to AAV9.eGFP. Anelloviruses have been described as weakly immunogenic and non-pathogenic [Venkataraman 2022, Liou 2022, Kaczorowska 2023, Timmerman 2024]. It will be of great interest to further investigate the comparison between AAV9 and Anellovector-mediated transgene expression in a neuronal system to determine if Anellovector-mediated transgene expression is better tolerated by the host.…”

Torquetenovirus Viremia Quantification Using Real-Time PCR Developed on a Fully Automated, Random-Access Platform

“…Although many aspects of the biology of TTV remain to be defined, convincing evidence exists that TTV replication is associated with the functionality of the immune system and that an immune imbalance can significantly increase the TTV load in blood samples [ 5 , 20 , 21 ]. Thus, TTV viremia quantification is becoming an important parameter for clinicians in tailor-making maintenance immunosuppression [ 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”

Genetic Characteristics of Anelloviruses Detected in Individual Viromes of Children with Acute Respiratory Infection Using the Metagenomic Approach

“…However, their involvement in the development of a wide range of pathologies, including respiratory infections, hepatitis, multiple sclerosis, lymphoma, autoimmune diseases, and others, is also suspected [3,4,6,14,15]. It is reliably noted that an increase in viral load occurs in conditions of compromised immune function (such as HIV/AIDS) [16,17], and replication is controlled by the immune system [18]. Moreover, there is a growing number of studies investigating whether AVs are associated with respiratory diseases [1,6,8,[19][20][21][22][23].…”