Anemia among Men in Malaysia: A Population-Based Survey in 2019

Ram

PLOS Glob Public Health

et al. 2022

Anaemia among men is a significant health issue which has not been given due importance. Only a handful of studies have captured the prevalence of anaemia among men. There is dearth of evidence base on anaemia among men in India. Therefore, this study attempts to fill this research gap by examining the socioeconomic, geographic, health-related, and behavioural differentials of anaemia among rural men in India. We analysed a cross-sectional sample of 61,481 men aged between 15–54 and living in rural areas from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), conducted in 2019–21. Bivariate statistics and multivariable logistic regression were employed to assess the factors associated with anaemia. In rural India, three out of ten men were found to be anaemic. Older men [49–54 years] (Odds Ratio: 1.10, 95% CI, 1.00–1.21), men without a formal education (OR: 1.36, 95% CI, 1.26–1.47), those from Scheduled Tribes (OR: 1.48, 95% CI, 1.39–1.58) and men who belonged to the poorest wealth quintile (OR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.25–1.35) had a higher risk of anaemia. Men who were underweight were more likely to be anaemic (OR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.30–1.43). When compared to the central region, men from the eastern (OR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.39–1.55) parts of India had higher a risk of anaemia. The findings suggest the need to recognise anaemia among men as a public health issue. When developing policy, significant variation in socioeconomic, geographic, health-related, and behavioural factors must be taken into account. Men should also be screened on a regular basis in order to reduce the national burden of anaemia.

“…similar results [26,33], although none of these studies have been conducted specifically on rural men. Education level emerged to be a significant determinant of anaemia.…”

Section: Plos Global Public Healthmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…Definitions, categories and codes of independent variables are enlisted in Table 1. A wide range of variables were found to predict anaemia among men [26][27][28]. To illustrate, as a proxy for household income, the wealth index was chosen as a gauge of economic inequality.…”

Section: Independent Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and determinants of anaemia among men in rural India: Evidence from a nationally representative survey

Ram

PLOS Glob Public Health

et al. 2022

“…Furthermore, aged men with dementia, disabilities, and emotional problems may struggle to eat, which raises their chance of acquiring anaemia [32,34]. Previous studies have established the link between age of men and increased risk of anaemia [35]. The map of spatial autocorrelation between percentage of older men and anaemia prevalence reveals that some districts in West Bengals, Assam and some dispersed pockets of central India are evidence of age functioning as significant predictor of anaemia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A district-level geospatial analysis of anaemia prevalence among rural men in India, 2019-21

Singh,

Ram,

Chandra

et al. 2024

Int J Equity Health

Background Despite its considerable impact on health and productivity, anemia among men has received limited attention. In a country as diverse as India, characterized by extensive geographic variations, there is a pressing need to investigate the nuanced spatial patterns of anemia prevalence among men. The identification of specific hotspots holds critical implications for policymaking, especially in rural areas, where a substantial portion of India’s population resides. Methods The study conducted an analysis on a sample of 61,481 rural men from 707 districts of India, utilizing data from the National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-21). Various analytical techniques, including Moran’s I, univariate LISA (Local Indicators of Spatial Association), bivariate LISA, and spatial regression models such as SLM (Spatial Lag Model), and SEM (Spatial Error Model) were employed to examine the geographic patterns and spatial correlates of anaemia prevalence in the study population. Results In rural India, three out of every ten men were found to be anemic. The univariate Moran’s I value for anaemia was 0.66, indicating a substantial degree of spatial autocorrelation in anaemia prevalence across the districts in India. Cluster and outlier analysis identified five prominent ‘hotspots’ of anaemia prevalence across 97 districts, primarily concentrated in the eastern region (encompassing West Bengal, Jharkhand, and Odisha), the Dandakaranya region, the Madhya Pradesh-Maharashtra border, lower Assam, and select districts in Jammu and Kashmir. The results of SLM revealed significant positive association between anaemia prevalence at the district-level and several key factors including a higher proportion of Scheduled Tribes, men in the 49–54 years age group, men with limited or no formal education, individuals of the Muslim faith, economically disadvantaged men, and those who reported alcohol consumption. Conclusions Substantial spatial heterogeneity in anaemia prevalence among men in rural India suggests the need for region-specific targeted interventions to reduce the burden of anaemia among men in rural India and enhance the overall health of this population.

“…Programmatic approaches to address anemia challenges have been mandated by socioeconomic determinants of health, as indicated by the prevalence of anemia among children, unmarried, married, non-pregnant adolescents, young women, and men in Pakistan 12 .Unfortunately, anemia contributes to around a million fatalities per year; worldwide, prevalence rates for pregnant women and children under five are 51% and 43%, respectively. 13 According to NNS 2011, around 23.3% of the population in GB suffers from anemia. 13 In terms of micronutrients deficiencies malnutrition and food security are prevalent in GB.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13 According to NNS 2011, around 23.3% of the population in GB suffers from anemia. 13 In terms of micronutrients deficiencies malnutrition and food security are prevalent in GB. According to national nutrition survey NNS (2018), especially pregnant women face severe dietary deficiencies 47%, 41% and 47.6% for iron, zinc and iodine respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anemia Prevalence in GB A Cross-sectional assessment of anemia among different age groups and associated risk factors in Gilgit-Baltistan

Younus,

Ali,

Abbas

et al. 2024

Int J Pathol

Background: Anemia poses a significant global health challenge and has a significant influence regarding both morbidity and mortality across diverse demographics. This cross-sectional study aim to assess the prevalence and risk variables associated with anemia in different age groups within the culturally diverse population of Gilgit-Baltistan (GB). Methods: The prevalence of anemia within each age group was determined through hemoglobin (Hb) level assessment using Hemocue Hb 201+ (HemoCue AB, Ängelholm, Sweden). This analysis encompassed various gender categories and examined the risk variables which contributing to anemia in GB. Samples were collected from different regions in order to obtain a representative sample of the population. A total of 720 individuals (386 males and 334 females) participated in this study. Results: About 32.40% males (65.2% mild, 31.7% moderate and 3.1% severe) and 56.07% females (36.5% mild, 46.3% moderate and 17.2% severe) were found anemic. Prevalence of anemia in male were highest in the age group 20-40 years (31.2%), followed by age group 10-19 years (26.4%) as compared to age group 41-60 (19.2%) and above 61 years (23.2%) and there mean hemoglobin level (Hb) was 11.98 ± 0.90 g/dL. Among females the highest prevalence were found in reproductive age 20-40 years (37.3%) and age between 10-19 (29.4%), followed by the age group 41-60 (13.4%) and above 61 years (19.7%) and mean hemoglobin level (Hb) was 9.93 ± 0.83 g/dL. Risk variables include socio economic status of respondents, the higher prevalence was found in lower class of the population (37.7% males and 43.6% Females). Conclusion: The findings highlight the vulnerability of both genders to anemia in GB. Addressing this public health concern requires research extending beyond the prevalence and socio-demographic factors. Future efforts should focus on developing iron-enriched formulas from locally accessible staple foods in GB to effectively combat this alarming condition.