Anemia and Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Children Born to Mothers with HIV in Western Kenya

Oyungu, Eren; Roose, Anna; Ombitsa, Ananda R.; Yang, Ziyi; Vreeman, Rachel C.; McHenry, Megan S.

doi:10.1177/2333794x21991035

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Iron deficiency anemia is common in children in Kenya, with a prevalence of 26.9% [ 8 ], and there were no features of fibrosis of the liver on imaging of our patient. The patient was discharged with supplementary oral iron with a plan to follow up in the Outpatient Clinic.…”

Section: Case Reportmentioning

confidence: 71%

A Unique Case of Caroli Disease in Kenya\'s Medical Landscape

Lengoiboni,

Kailani,

Bikoro

et al. 2023

Am J Case Rep

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Patient: Male, 14-year-old Final Diagnosis: Caroli disease Symptoms: Abdominal pain and fever Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: General and Internal Medicine Objective: Rare disease Background: If a young patient presents with fever, abdominal pain, jaundice and significant imaging abnormalities, especially dilation of the biliary system, it is usually due to obstruction from stones or strictures. However, on very rare occasions, it can be due to complications of congenital cystic dilatation of the biliary system, known as Caroli disease. We present such a patient and discuss the differential diagnosis and implications for long-term management. Case Report: A 14-year-old boy presented to the Emergency Department with a sudden onset of high-grade fever and abdominal pain for 2 weeks, accompanied by vomiting of blood. The patient had no relevant medical history. He was malnourished and had moderate pallor, jaundice, and right upper quadrant pain. Imaging revealed cystic dilatation of intrahepatic ducts and a central dot sign. There were no features suggesting advanced liver disease otherwise, and no tumors or cysts in the kidneys. A diagnosis of Caroli disease was made. The symptoms were ascribed to acute cholangitis and improved with antibiotics. He was discharged home 1 week later. No further blood loss was observed. Conclusions: This case study describes a patient with ascending cholangitis, a complication of Caroli disease. This diagnosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis when a child or young adult presents with features of cholangitis, abnormal biliary imaging, and/or upper gastrointestinal bleeding, or portal hypertension. No prior cases of this disease have been encountered, documented, or published in Kenya. This case can increase awareness among primary care clinicians, including pediatricians.

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Section: Case Reportmentioning

confidence: 71%

A Unique Case of Caroli Disease in Kenya\'s Medical Landscape

Lengoiboni,

Kailani,

Bikoro

et al. 2023

Am J Case Rep

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“…A blood sample was taken at enrollment to measure iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) using hemoglobin and serum ferritin. While the primary data regarding IDA is presented elsewhere ( 19 ), this variable was included within the regression analysis, as it is a known risk factor for worse neurodevelopmental outcomes ( 20 ). We classified a child as having IDA if (1) hemoglobin concentration was <118 g/L, based on World Health Organization-published algorithm for individuals living ≥2,000 meters in elevation, consist with local elevation ( 16 ); and (2) ferritin concentrations <12 μg/L.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Young Children Born to HIV-Infected Mothers: A Pilot Study

et al. 2021

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Introduction: Over 15 million children who were exposed to HIV perinatally but uninfected (HEU) are alive globally, and they are faced with multiple risk factors for poor neurodevelopment. While children who are HIV-infected (HIV+) appear to have worse neurodevelopmental scores compared to children unexposed and uninfected with HIV (HUU), the evidence is mixed in children who are HEU. This small descriptive pilot study aimed to compare neurodevelopmental scores of children who are HIV+, HEU, and HUU in Kenya.Methods: This cross-sectional pilot study included children ages 18–36 months who were HIV+, HEU, or HUU. Neurodevelopment was assessed, along with sociodemographic, lab, and growth data. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, chi-squared, and adjusted linear regression models.Results: One hundred seventy two were included (n = 24 HIV+; n = 74 HEU; n = 74 HUU). Mothers of children who were HEU experienced more depressive symptoms (p < 0.001). The only neurodevelopmental differences were found among groups was that children who were HIV+ had higher receptive language scores (p = 0.007). Lower height-for-age z-scores and being left home alone were associated with worse neurodevelopmental scores.Conclusions: Being stunted, left completely alone for at least an hour within the last week, and having higher sociodemographic status were associated with worse neurodevelopmental scores. The higher levels of depressive symptoms within mothers of children who are HEU warrants further investigation.

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“…Even non‐pregnant women had a prevalence of 21.3% for Fe deficiency and 14% for anaemia (Kenya National Micronutrient Survey, 2011 ; Young, 2018 ). Fe deficiency in the pre‐school population living in 60 villages in Western Kenya and North Rift Valley was reported to be 46% (in the year 2012) and 67% (in the year 2021), respectively (Grant et al, 2012 ; Oyungu et al, 2021 ). The 2011 National Micronutrient Survey also found that 83.3% of pre‐school children, 82.3% of non‐pregnant women, 80.2% of school going children, 74.8% of men and 68.3% of pregnant women suffered from Zn deficiency.…”

Section: Iron and Zinc Deficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofortification of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with iron and zinc: Achievements and challenges

Huertas

Karpińska

Ngala

et al. 2022

Food and Energy Security

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Micronutrient deficiencies (hidden hunger), particularly in iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), remain one of the most serious public health challenges, affecting more than three billion people globally. A number of strategies are used to ameliorate the problem of micronutrient deficiencies and to improve the nutritional profile of food products. These include (i) dietary diversification, (ii) industrial food fortification and supplements, (iii) agronomic approaches including soil mineral fertilisation, bioinoculants and crop rotations, and (iv) biofortification through the implementation of biotechnology including gene editing and plant breeding.These efforts must consider the dietary patterns and culinary preferences of the consumer and stakeholder acceptance of new biofortified varieties. Deficiencies in Zn and Fe are often linked to the poor nutritional status of agricultural soils, resulting in low amounts and/or poor availability of these nutrients in staple food crops such as common bean. This review describes the genes and processes associated with Fe and Zn accumulation in common bean, a significant food source in Africa that plays an important role in nutritional security. We discuss the conventional plant breeding, transgenic and gene editing approaches that are being deployed to improve Fe and Zn accumulation in beans. We also consider the requirements of successful bean biofortification programmes, highlighting gaps in current knowledge, possible solutions and future perspectives.

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Anemia and Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Children Born to Mothers with HIV in Western Kenya

Cited by 3 publications

References 31 publications

A Unique Case of Caroli Disease in Kenya\'s Medical Landscape

A Unique Case of Caroli Disease in Kenya\'s Medical Landscape

Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Young Children Born to HIV-Infected Mothers: A Pilot Study

Biofortification of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with iron and zinc: Achievements and challenges

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