Anesthesia of the Critically ill Patient

Disorders Related to Trauma

“…Before induction of anesthesia, all animals should be preoxygenated for at least 5 min and noninvasive monitoring equipment connected. 8 In general, essential monitoring equipment consists of a capnograph, electrocardiogram (ECG), and pulse oximeter, together with noninvasive blood pressure and heart rate monitoring. 7 Sometimes, there is a need to perform emergency procedures with little "heads up" anesthesia warning time.…”

“…Opioids, in association with a low dose of an alpha-2 agonist or acepromazine (Table 18.2), are a good choice for premedication. 8 Opioids provide adequate sedation, muscle relaxation, and analgesia in most animals. The use of sedatives will reduce the dose of induction and inhalant anesthetic agents required.…”

“…Animals that have a low hematocrit (<22%) or are in severe hemorrhagic shock may benefit from red blood cell (RBC) transfusion. 8 During anesthesia, the hematocrit can drop by 3-5%, making even small blood losses significant and warranting blood transfusion. 8 After initial stabilization, imaging tools can be used to diagnose injuries such as chest contusion, pneumothorax, traumatic myocarditis, intracavity effusion, and spinal/bone fracture.…”

“…8 During anesthesia, the hematocrit can drop by 3-5%, making even small blood losses significant and warranting blood transfusion. 8 After initial stabilization, imaging tools can be used to diagnose injuries such as chest contusion, pneumothorax, traumatic myocarditis, intracavity effusion, and spinal/bone fracture. In addition, before anesthesia, patients should receive a thorough physical examination, complemented by basic hemodynamic monitoring and minimum blood work.…”