Anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of single-bolus intravenous alfaxalone with or without intramuscular xylazine-premedication in calves

El-Hawari, Sayed F.; Sakata, Hisashi; Oyama, Norihiko; Tamura, Jun; Higuchi, Chika; Endo, Yusuke; Miyoshi, Kenjiro; Sano, Tadashi; Suzuki, Kazuyuki; Yamashita, Kazuto

doi:10.1292/jvms.17-0512

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Another study revealed that increased HR was possibly induced via an activating effect of alfaxalone on sympathetic outflow [ 34 ]. The f R remained unchanged in goats administered alfaxalone alone, but those receiving xylazine and alfaxalone exhibited mild depression in ventilation rate that was considered clinically insignificant [ 15 , 35 ]. In prior reports, anesthesia induction with propofol, ketamine or thiopental revealed a decrease in blood pressure, f R and mild increase in HR as well as hypothermia in goats [ 28 , 36 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Xylazine Premedication on the Dose and Quality of Anesthesia Induction with Alfaxalone in Goats

Abouelfetouh

Liu

Salah

et al. 2021

Animals

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Goats have been used as animal models in research and are increasingly kept as companion animals. However, information about effective anesthetic drugs is scarce in this species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of xylazine premedication on alfaxalone induction. Twelve clinically healthy goats weighing 18.5 ± 2 kg were randomly assigned to two groups. Induction was performed with alfaxalone alone intravenously (ALF group) or with xylazine premedication before alfaxalone administration (XYL-ALF group). The quality of induction was scored, induction doses of alfaxalone were determined, and cardiorespiratory parameters and nociceptive thresholds were measured before any treatment(s) (baseline) and at 5, 15, 25 and 35 min after alfaxalone administration. The mean dose of alfaxalone required for induction in the ALF group was greater than that in the XYL-ALF group (p < 0.001). There were no significant changes in diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) or systolic arterial pressure (SAP) compared to baseline in either group, while hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2) was lower from 5 to 25 min (p < 0.5) in the XYL-ALF group. The nociceptive threshold was significantly higher at 5 min in the XYL-ALF group than in the ALF group (p = 0.0417). Xylazine premedication reduced the required dose of alfaxalone for anesthetic induction and produced better antinociception than alfaxalone alone. In addition, the combination of xylazine and alfaxalone allowed for successful induction; however, oxygen supplementation is necessary to counteract xylazine-associated hypoxemia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Xylazine Premedication on the Dose and Quality of Anesthesia Induction with Alfaxalone in Goats

Abouelfetouh

Liu

Salah

et al. 2021

Animals

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“…The drug has brought abrupt changes in the cardiopulmonary function including a reduction in the heart rate, respiratory rate, and cardiac output and inducing fluctuation of blood pressure and oxygen tension. These changes have been selectively studied through intra-arterial catheterization, blood gas analysis, M-mode echocardiography, and electrocardiography in different animal species including cattle [24], donkey [25,26], calves [27,28], and goats [29,30]. As far as we concern, exploration of animal models may require anesthesia, but under farm conditions, the effect of short-term tranquilization with xylazine on quantitative echocardiography measurement was not previously studied in goats.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Cardiac Functions Using Full Conventional Echocardiography with Tissue Doppler Imaging before and after Xylazine Sedation in Male Shiba Goats

Mandour

Samir

Yoshida

et al. 2020

Animals

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The present study aimed to provide a complete conventional echocardiographic protocol in adult male Shiba goats by using two-dimensional, M-mode, Pulsed Wave Doppler, and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) echocardiography, and to study concomitantly xylazine-induced alteration of cardiac functions in a highly sensitive species. For this purpose, 12 male Shiba goats were included and complete conventional echocardiography from the standard right and left parasternal views was carried to report the echocardiographic data in male Shiba goats, and also before and after xylazine (Pre-Xyl and Post-Xyl) administration (0.05 mg/IM/kg). Results revealed that the full echocardiographic protocol was feasible in all goats through different cardiac windows and good Doppler alignment was achieved with non-significant variability for assessment of the left ventricular dimensions, trans-pulmonary, trans-aortic, and trans-mitral blood flow. The TDI, which was not reported previously in goats, was successfully assessed from the standard left apical view and showed distinct systolic and diastolic patterns. Xylazine administration was found to significantly reduce heart rate, fractional shortening, and cardiac output as well as the Doppler hemodynamic parameters of the pulmonary artery, aortic and mitral inflows (p < 0.05). For TDI, the Post-Xyl group revealed a significant decrease in the myocardial velocities of the septal and lateral wall of the left ventricle. The present study provides, for the first time, complete data of conventional echocardiography in male goats using the full protocol, which is routinely used in pet’s practice. Further, we illustrate in-depth the adverse effect of short-term sedative, xylazine, as used under field conditions and emphasize a simultaneous reduction in both systolic and diastolic cardiac function in goats based on full echocardiography assessment of the heart.

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“…Undesirable issues during recovery, such as nausea, vomiting, ataxia, muscle tremors, opisthotonus-like postures, pronounced limb extension, and paddling were reported to some extent in many animal species receiving intravenous (IV) or IM administration of alfaxalone-HPCD alone [ 8 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 18 , 24 , 25 ]. Tamura et al [ 24 ] observed ataxia, tremors, and opisthotonus-like postures during the early recovery period after administration of IV alfaxalone-HPCD at 5 mg/kg, as well as after using IM alfaxalone-HPCD at 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tamura et al [ 25 ] considered the qualities of recovery from IM alfaxalone-HPCD at 5, 7.5, and 10 mg/kg to be satisfactory in dogs, but all the dogs in this study still exhibited transient muscular tremors and staggering gaits. In addition, tremors, paddling, seizure-like activity, and thrashing were observed during the recovery period in alpacas [ 8 ] and calves [ 10 ], which were anesthetized with IV alfaxalone-HPCD alone. Huynh et al [ 12 ] reported that the recovery from IM alfaxalone-HPCD at 4, 6, and 8 mg/kg was uneventful in rabbits except for one animal that died 10 min after an IM injection of 8 mg/kg.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sedative and physiological effects of alfaxalone intramuscular administration in cynomolgus monkeys (<i>Macaca fascicularis</i>)

Wada

Koyama

Yamashita

2020

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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To evaluate the sedative and physiological effects of alfaxalone intramuscular (IM) administration, 12 healthy cynomolgus monkeys were administered single IM doses of alfaxalone at 0.625 mg/kg (ALFX0.625), 1.25 mg/kg (ALFX1.25), 2.5 mg/kg (ALFX2.5), 5 mg/kg (ALFX5), 7.5 mg/kg (ALFX7.5), or 10 mg/kg (ALFX10); saline was used as the control (CONT). The sedative effects were subjectively evaluated using a composite measure scoring system in six animals. Changes in respiratory rate, pulse rate, non-invasive blood pressure, percutaneous oxygen-hemoglobin saturation (SpO 2 ), and rectal temperature were observed after IM treatments in the other six animals. All animals were allowed to lay down following the ALFX5, ALFX7.5, and ALFX10 treatments, whereas lateral recumbency was achieved in only two animals after ALFX2.5 treatment and none after the CONT, ALFX 0.625, and ALFX1.25 treatments. The median time (interquartile range) to lateral recumbency was 6.5 min (5.3–7.8), 4.0 min (4.0–4.0), and 3.0 min (3.0–3.8), and the duration of immobilization was 27.5 min (19.0–33.8), 56.0 min (42.3–60.8), and 74.5 min (62.8–78.0) after the ALFX5, ALFX7.5, and ALFX10 treatments, respectively. Endotracheal intubation was achieved in all six animals after the ALFX7.5 and ALFX10 treatments. Dose-dependent decreases in respiratory rate, non-invasive blood pressure, SpO 2 , and rectal temperature were observed, and the quality of recovery was smooth in all animals after the ALFX5, ALFX7.5, and ALFX10 treatments. Thus, alfaxalone IM induced a dose-dependent sedative effect in cynomolgus monkeys, but at higher doses, hypotension, hypoxemia, and hypothermia could be induced.

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Anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of single-bolus intravenous alfaxalone with or without intramuscular xylazine-premedication in calves

Cited by 6 publications

References 25 publications

The Effect of Xylazine Premedication on the Dose and Quality of Anesthesia Induction with Alfaxalone in Goats

The Effect of Xylazine Premedication on the Dose and Quality of Anesthesia Induction with Alfaxalone in Goats

Assessment of the Cardiac Functions Using Full Conventional Echocardiography with Tissue Doppler Imaging before and after Xylazine Sedation in Male Shiba Goats

Sedative and physiological effects of alfaxalone intramuscular administration in cynomolgus monkeys (<i>Macaca fascicularis</i>)

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