Anesthetic effects and elimination of tricaine methanesulphonate (MS-222) in terrestial vertebrates

Wayson, Kim A.; Downes, Hall; Lynn, R K; Gerber, Nicholas

doi:10.1016/0306-4492(76)90009-5

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…This could be taken as evidence that the reduced induction times observed across repeated anesthesia events within a single day in our study were derived from stress as opposed to incomplete elimination of the drug from the body. In fishes, however, TMS is mostly absorbed and eliminated through the gills, whereas in frogs the skin fulfills an equivalent role [ 10 ]. In addition, we employed TMS at a higher concentration than Kiessling and colleagues [ 49 ], and this could have increased the physiological stress levels in the experiment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experiments in frogs and fishes comparing TMS to benzocaine and eugenol revealed that TMS allows for a substantially faster recovery of the subject and it produces fewer losses ([ 7 , 20 , 48 , 51 ], but see [ 52 ]). A key point for these differences is that TMS is eliminated from plasma much faster than benzocaine or eugenol allowing the plasma levels of TMS to remain at lower levels and drop fast once the animal is removed from the anesthetic solution [ 10 , 49 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data on anesthesia in fishes and rodents can be applied to frogs only to a limited extent. Like fishes, frogs respond to anesthetics in a bath, but while fishes primarily absorb the drug through the gills, adult frogs lack such structures and absorb the drug through their permeable skin [ 9 , 10 ]. In relation to mammals, amphibians metabolize and eliminate drugs at much slower rates because of their ectothermic metabolism [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies have assessed the effect of TMS concentration on the response of amphibians, but have mostly focused on the genus Lithobates (= Rana ) [ 10 , 11 , 20 , 26 – 28 ] or on Xenopus laevis [ 4 , 13 , 29 ]. These animals belong to distantly related frog families (Ranidae and Pipidae) that diverged approximately 212 million years ago [ 30 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Response of Gray Treefrogs to Anesthesia by Tricaine Methanesulfonate (TMS or MS-222)

et al. 2013

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The design of anesthetic protocols for frogs is commonly hindered by lack of information. Results from fishes and rodents do not always apply to frogs, and the literature in anurans is concentrated on a few species. We report on the response of treefrogs (Hyla chrysoscelis and H. versicolor) to tricaine methanesulfonate. Body mass did not differ significantly between the species or between sexes. In the first exposure of a frog to TMS, variation in induction time was best explained by species (H. chrysoscelis resisted longer) and body mass (larger animals resisted longer). Multiple exposures revealed a strong effect of individual variation on induction time and a significant increase of induction time with number of previous anesthesia events within the same day. Recovery time was mostly explained by individual variation, but it increased with total time in anesthetic and decreased with induction time. It also increased with number of days since the last series of anesthesias and decreased with number of previous uses of the anesthetic bath. This is one of the first studies of anesthesia in hylids and also one of the first assessments of the factors that influence the variability of the response to anesthesia within a species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Response of Gray Treefrogs to Anesthesia by Tricaine Methanesulfonate (TMS or MS-222)

et al. 2013

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“…The compound is excreted readily across the gills during recovery and the tissue concentration decreases to near zero within 24 hours after recovery (Bowser 2001) depending upon the concentration of MS-222 used and exposure time. It has been shown in several fish species that MS-222 metabolism is hepatic (Wayson et al 1976) and utilizes cytochrome P-450 enzymes. However the metabolism rate and induction of cytochrome P-450 differs between fish species (Fabacher 1982), therefore the effective dose could be variable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiologic and biochemical measurements and response to noxious stimulation at various concentrations of MS-222 in Koi (Cyprinus carpio)

Stockman

Weber

Kass

et al. 2013

Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia

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The effect of metacaine (MS-222) on the activity of the efferent and afferent nerves in the teleost lateral-line system

Späth

Schweickert

1977

Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol.

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1. Free-swimming fish (Tilapia leucosticta and Rutilus rutilus) were used to determine threshold concentrations required for general anesthesia with metacaine (MS-222). The criterion for anesthesia was reached at a concentration of 1:1500 (w/w) with both fish, although the symptoms were somewhat more pronounced in Rutilus. 2. Recordings of efferent spontaneous activity in the lateral-line nerve were used as a measure of the central effect of metacaine during administration in the respiratory stream, as compared with respiration of fresh water. The reduction of activity at the end of a 3-min exposure to the drug was 70%. 3. Maximum recovery (90% of the initial activity) was reached after 30 min application of fresh water. 4. The various efferent impulse types were differentially affected by the anesthetic. 5. Direct recordings from sound-sensitive neurons in the medulla confirm the strong central effect of metacaine. 6. Irrigation of the lateral-line system with anesthetic solution also produced a reduction in afferent spontaneous activity; there was a distinct peripheral effect even at the threshold concentration. 7. Reactions of trigeminal nerve fibers to mechanical stimulation of the skin were reduced after application of a metacaine solution to the skin. This finding confirms the local anesthetic effect of the drug. 8. The anesthetic solution at a given concentration had a greater effect on the CNS than on the peripheral receptors. 9. The implications of the results with respect to the risk of misjudging the depth of general anesthesia are discussed. 10. Because of the complexity of its anesthetic efficacy, it is recommended that metacaine not be used for neurophysiological investigations, but rather that the animals be immobilized by means of muscle relaxants.

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Anesthetic effects and elimination of tricaine methanesulphonate (MS-222) in terrestial vertebrates

Cited by 12 publications

References 7 publications

The Response of Gray Treefrogs to Anesthesia by Tricaine Methanesulfonate (TMS or MS-222)

The Response of Gray Treefrogs to Anesthesia by Tricaine Methanesulfonate (TMS or MS-222)

Physiologic and biochemical measurements and response to noxious stimulation at various concentrations of MS-222 in Koi (Cyprinus carpio)

The effect of metacaine (MS-222) on the activity of the efferent and afferent nerves in the teleost lateral-line system

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