Anesthetic Potency (MAC) Is Independent of Forebrain Structures in the Rat

Involvement of 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptors in sevoflurane-induced hypnotic and analgesic effects in mice

“…Studies in rats and goats have demonstrated that the spinal cord mediates the analgesic and immobility effects of inhalation anesthetics [21,22]. The it injection in mice is an appropriate method to study spinally-mediated drug effects.…”

Red hair and anesthetic requirement

“…10 Bien que des récepteurs de la mélanocortine-1 aient été identifiés dans le tissu hypophysaire humain, dans les cellules gliales et dans les cellules de la substance grise périaqueducale 11,12 le système nerveux central n'est pas le principal site de l'expression de MC1R. 13 En outre, le MAC est probablement largement médié par la moelle épinière 14,15 plutôt que par des centres supérieurs. 15,16 Il existe néanmoins une interaction considérable entre les différents récepteurs de la mélanocortine 17,18 car ils sont tous stimulés par la mélanocortine, l'hormone stimulant l'a-mélanocortine (MSH), la b-MSH, la c-MSH et l'hormone adrénocorticotrope (ACTH).…”

“…10 Although melanocortin-1 receptors have been identified in human pituitary tissue, glial cells, and cells of the human periaqueductal gray matter, 11,12 the central nervous system is not a major site of MC1R expression. 13 Furthermore, MAC is probably largely mediated by the spinal cord 14,15 rather than by higher centres. 15,16 Nevertheless, there is considerable interaction among the various melanocortin receptors 17,18 as all are stimulated by melanocortin, a-melanocortin stimulating hormone (MSH), b-MSH, c-MSH, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).…”

“…13 Furthermore, MAC is probably largely mediated by the spinal cord 14,15 rather than by higher centres. 15,16 Nevertheless, there is considerable interaction among the various melanocortin receptors 17,18 as all are stimulated by melanocortin, a-melanocortin stimulating hormone (MSH), b-MSH, c-MSH, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Some of these receptors are abundant in the central nervous system (CNS) and have similar affinities for a-MSH and ACTH.…”

Interaction of phenol derivatives with ion channels

“…GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) is the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, but glycine plays a major role in the spinal cord and lower brainstem [42]. The possible importance of these lower CNS areas and hence of glycine in general anaesthesia is emphasized by a decerebration experiment, which found the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane to be independent of cortical and forebrain structures in the rat [42,43]. Propofol, among other general anaesthetics, has been shown to potentiate the 1 glycine receptor in vitro [44] and to directly activate heterologously expressed glycine receptors in the absence of the natural agonist.…”