The concept of coronary artery spasm was described more than 200 years ago; however, during this time the concept has had a troublesome course, with the pendulum of scientific opinion swinging from 'unbelievers', who rationalised it did not exist or played only a minor role in coronary syndromes, to the avid 'believers', who undertook clinical studies supporting its major importance in coronary syndromes (Figure 1). The challenge in identifying the role of coronary artery spasm in coronary syndromes relates to its transient nature and difficulty in imaging its presence during spontaneous episodes. As an iconic clinician scientist, Prof Attilio Maseri demonstrated the importance of coronary artery spasm in the modern era and is considered by many to be the guru of this intriguing pathophysiological condition. In this special edition of the journal, the 'pendulum-swinging' evolution of the coronary artery spasm will be reviewed, with special reference to Maseri's contribution. The importance of understanding the historical perspective of coronary artery spasm is reflected in the words of the American-Spanish philosopher George Santayana: "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it." 1
Origins of the Concept of Coronary SpasmThanks to knowledge gained over the centuries, any lay member of the public will tell you that chest pain may arise from the heart. In 1772, William Heberden provided an eloquent description of what he called 'angina pectoris', which is still accurate today and the key symptom for myocardial ischaemia regardless of the underlying cause. 2 In his seminal paper Some Account of a Disorder of the Breast, 2 he writes:"But there is a disorder of the breast marked with strong and peculiar symptoms, considerable for the kind of danger belonging to it, and not extremely rare, which deserves to be mentioned more at length. The seat of it, and sense of strangling, and anxiety with which it is attended, may make it not improperly be called angina pectoris. They who are afflicted with it, are seized while they are walking, (more especially if it be up hill, and soon after eating) with a painful and most disagreeable sensation in the breast, which seems as if it would extinguish life, if it were to increase or continue; but the moment they stand still, all this uneasiness vanishes."
The Demand Ischaemia ConceptBy the mid 20th century, the pendulum began to swing in the other direction, with influential clinicians such as Chester Keefer and William Resnik reporting in 1928 that the rigid atherosclerotic lesions surely could