Angioarchitecture of the bovine spermatic cord

Abstract

We described the topography and morphometry of the testicular artery, pampiniform plexus veins, and indirect connections between them in the spermatic cord of the bull. Sixty microcorrosive casts of bovine spermatic cords were analyzed macroscopically, by stereomicroscopy, and by scanning electron microscopy. The average size of the testicles was 94.6 × 49.7 × 54.7 mm. The testicular artery formed a superiorly pointed cone-like structure with its base fixed to the proximal part of the gonad. The artery gave off one or two branches to the head of epididymis and to the deferens duct. The pampiniform plexus originated from intra-tunical veins. Veins of the pampiniform plexus were of smaller diameter but larger number than intra-tunical ones. The density of the veins of the pampiniform plexus was 9.37 ± 1.07 mm(-2) . The testicular vein began 90-121 mm above the superior pole of the testis. In 2.9% of specimens, the testicular vein was doubled. Numerous anastomoses among veins of pampiniform plexus were observed. Additionally, indirect anastomoses between the testicular artery and pampiniform plexus veins formed by the capillary network of the vasa vasorum of the testicular artery were visualized by scanning electron microscopy. In all cases, narrowings in the casts of the precapillary vessel were observed. We also documented the vasa vasorum of the testicular artery in bulls. The density of these vessels was 22.87 ± 11.48 mm(-2) . The indirect arteriovenous connections together with the presence of circular constrictions of the lumen in precapillary vessels may play a role in testicular blood flow regulation.

Gross anatomy of coronary veins of the European bison (Bison bonasus)

“…Seventy hearts were dyed using synthetic LBS 3060 latex (Synthos Dwory Sp. z o.o, Poland) using a previously described method [2,[32][33][34][35][36] and were placed in 10% formalin for six weeks. The trunks of the coronary veins and their ramifications were then prepared.…”

“…The cast was later dried using airflow at room temperature for two days. The method was successfully implemented in our previous studies [2,32,33,36,37].…”

Topography of coronary arteries and their ramifications in the goat

“…Next, to dissolve the organic tissue, the materials were placed in 40% KOH solution at 50°C for approximately 24 h. The remnants of the tissue were removed by continuous flushing with water for 38 h and then the material was cleaned by water and a small amount of standard washing liquid. The cast was later dried at room temperature for 48 h. These methods of injection were successfully used in our previous studies (Polguj et al 2009(Polguj et al , 2011Barszcz et al 2014Barszcz et al , 2016aBarszcz et al , 2017Kupczyńska et al 2015).…”

– Anatomical pathology Sexual dimorphism of the suprascapular notch – morphometric study

“…This software has been widely used in some research, e.g. measurement of points on the mandible of common shrew [11], measurements of Daphniola Radoman shell morphometry [12], measurements of the diameters and density of vessels [13, 14], and enabling manual karyotyping [15]. …”