Angiogenesis and angiocrines regulating heart growth

Abstract

<jats:p>Endothelial cells (ECs) line the inner surface of all blood and lymphatic vessels throughout the body, making endothelium one of the largest tissues. In addition to its transport function, endothelium is now appreciated as a dynamic organ actively participating in angiogenesis and permeability and vascular tone regulation, as well as in the development and regeneration of tissues. The identification of endothelial-derived secreted factors, angiocrines, has revealed non-angiogenic mechanisms of endothelial cells in both physiological and pathological tissue remodeling. In the heart, ECs play a variety of important roles during cardiac development as well as in growth, homeostasis and regeneration of the adult heart. To date, several angiocrines affecting cardiomyocyte growth in response to physiological or pathological stimuli have been identified. In this review, we discuss the effects of angiogenesis and EC-mediated signaling in the regulation of cardiac hypertrophy. Identification of the molecular and metabolic signals from ECs during physiological and pathological cardiac growth could provide novel therapeutic targets to treat heart failure, as endothelium is emerging as one of the potential target organs in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.</jats:p>

Transient Exposure of Endothelial Cells to Doxorubicin Leads to Long-Lasting Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 Downregulation

“…Activated cardiac ECs release paracrine signals that can modulate the growth of cardiomyocytes [ 9 ]. Not surprisingly, perturbed crosstalk between ECs and cardiomyocytes is involved in the pathogenesis of heart diseases [ 25 ]. Thus, downregulation of this receptor in heart ECs exposed to Dox concentrations might play a key role in the development of anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy [ 18 ].…”

Cardiac transcriptomic changes induced by early CKD in mice reveal novel pathways involved in the pathogenesis of Cardiorenal syndrome type 4

“…Moreover, critical signaling pathways for cardiovascular function like AMPK/mTOR, retinoic acid, HIF-1/VEGF, Hippo, WNT, and neddylation were also downregulated. These pathways have distinct molecular mechanisms for maintaining cardiac homeostasis and regulating metabolism, autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress, fibrosis, organ size, proliferation, regeneration, differentiation, angiogenesis, inflammation, and apoptosis [ [50] , [51] , [52] , [53] , [54] ]. Thus, preclinical studies considering them promising therapeutic targets for cardiovascular therapy could bring new perspectives for CRS treatments.…”

Transcriptomal Insights of Heart Failure from Normality to Recovery

“…However, among those genes that were not reported to be involved in heart pathology is CIART, which makes it an ideal candidate for further studies. Angiogenesis was enriched by 27 genes in the hypertrophy stage that are involved in increasing the oxygen supply to the myocardium [33,34]. The significant enrichment of BP and pathways in dilatation and HF stages such as cellular response to organic cyclic compounds, negative regulation of protein modification process, muscle structure development, blood vessel morphogenesis, and apoptotic signalling pathway are broader in classification, and therefore relating these terms as specific to these stages may be improper, even though there may be a contribution from these processes and pathways to HF.…”