Key words albumin; CYP1A1; human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cell; size control; spheroid Three-dimensional multicellular spheroids possess greater in vivo tissue-like morphology and function than two-dimensional monolayered cells. Therefore, multicellular spheroids are considered useful in vitro systems for drug screening, including tests of drug metabolism and toxicity, [1][2][3][4][5][6] and for studying tumor metastasis. 7,8) Furthermore, such spheroids have attracted much attention for application in cell-based therapy [9][10][11] and as a building block for the construction of large tissues. 12,13) In a previous study, we demonstrated that spheroid formation greatly prolonged the survival of insulinsecreting NIT-1 cells after transplantation in mice.
9)Spheroid size is a key parameter to determine the functions and properties of spheroids. It is reported that oxygen concentration is decreased in the core of the spheroids of human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells, hepatocytes, and tumor cells. [14][15][16][17] This affects the expression of various molecules, including hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1. In addition, paracellular or transcellular transport is required in order for the inner cells to take up extracellular materials and to release secretory products into the culture media. Despite their importance, details regarding the relationship between spheroid size and cellular functions remain to be elucidated. In particular, few studies have investigated the effect of spheroid sizes over 300 Āµm on their functions and properties.Investigating the effects of spheroid size requires the preparation of size-controlled, multicellular spheroids. Several techniques for spheroid formation have been reported, including the spinner flask, hanging drop, and liquid overlay methods. [18][19][20] However, a common problem with these techniques is the difficulty in controlling spheroid size. In contrast, microfabrication is suitable for the development of sizecontrolled microwells with narrow size distribution. 10,21,22) In a previous study, we demonstrated that polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based microwells constructed using a microfabrication technique could be used to obtain spheroids with a very narrow size distribution. 23) We also found that coating the microwells with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm), a thermoresponsive polymer, increased the quality of the spheroids, since the coating prevented the cells from adhering to the PDMS-based microwells.
23)In the present study, we developed PDMS-based microwells of different sizes in order to prepare variably sized multicellular spheroids. HepG2 cells were used for the study as they represent one of the most extensively used cell lines to evaluate drug metabolism and toxicity. 3,24,25) Production of various proteins is an index of liver function. Albumin is the most abundant serum protein produced by hepatocytes.
26)Another important liver function is the metabolism of various compounds, including drugs. CYP enzymes are the major enzymes involved in drug metabolism. CYP1A1 is ...