Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2: A protective factor in regulating disease virulence of SARS‐COV‐2

Mariappan, Vignesh; R, Rao S; Pillai, Agieshkumar Balakrishna

doi:10.1002/iub.2391

Cited by 22 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 90 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The S1 subunit, consisting of the N-terminal domain (NTD) and receptor binding domain (RBD), is responsible for viral attachment to the host cell through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) whereas the S2 subunit completes membrane fusion [62][63][64] (Figure 4B). The RBD domain is an important target for antibodies and many other antiviral drugs because it is a key domain in the S1 subunit, which is used to invade the host cell by binding to ACE2 [65][66][67][68][69][70]. Specifically, there is an antiparallel β-sheet at the binding sites between virus and ACE2, which can change its conformation with mutations in or around the RBD interfacial region, thereby increasing the binding affinity.…”

Section: The Immunity Mechanism Of Covid-19 Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of Vaccine Breakthrough Infections by SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant

Zhang¹,

Liang²,

Yu³

et al. 2022

Int. J. Biol. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Vaccines are proving to be highly effective in controlling hospitalization and deaths associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, as shown by clinical trials and real-world evidence. However, a deadly second wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), infected by SARS-CoV-2 variants, especially the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant, with an increased number of post-vaccination breakthrough infections were reported in the world recently. Actually, Delta variant not only resulted in a severe surge of vaccine breakthrough infections which was accompanied with high viral load and transmissibility, but also challenged the development of effective vaccines. Therefore, the biological characteristics and epidemiological profile of Delta variant, the current status of Delta variant vaccine breakthrough infections and the mechanism of vaccine breakthrough infections were discussed in this article. In addition, the significant role of the Delta variant spike (S) protein in the mechanism of immune escape of SARS-CoV-2 was highlighted in this article. In particular, we further discussed key points on the future SARS-CoV-2 vaccine research and development, hoping to make a contribution to the early, accurate and rapid control of the COVID-19 epidemic.

show abstract

Section: The Immunity Mechanism Of Covid-19 Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of Vaccine Breakthrough Infections by SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant

Zhang¹,

Liang²,

Yu³

et al. 2022

Int. J. Biol. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“… 188 However, a number of ACE2 variants may influence COVID-19 susceptibility and outcomes via three primary routines: (1) alterations of ACE2-binding properties to sirtuin 1, which regulates transcriptional and post-translational modifications of the ACE2 gene, (2) alteration of the soluble ACE2 levels in circulation and the affinity and density of ACE2 for the S protein, and (3) alteration of circulating Ang-(1–7), which causes a greater marked RAAS imbalance and greater disease severity. 80 , 87 , 185 , 189 …”

Section: X- or Y-linked Loci And Genes Associated With Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Human genetic basis of coronavirus disease 2019

Deng

Xue

Yuan

2021

Sig Transduct Target Ther

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. COVID-19 incidence, severity, and mortality rates differ greatly between populations, genders, ABO blood groups, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes, ethnic groups, and geographic backgrounds. This highly heterogeneous SARS-CoV-2 infection is multifactorial. Host genetic factors such as variants in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE), the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene (ACE2), the transmembrane protease serine 2 gene (TMPRSS2), along with HLA genotype, and ABO blood group help to explain individual susceptibility, severity, and outcomes of COVID-19. This review is focused on COVID-19 clinical and viral characteristics, pathogenesis, and genetic findings, with particular attention on genetic diversity and variants. The human genetic basis could provide scientific bases for disease prediction and targeted therapy to address the COVID-19 scourge.

show abstract

“…ACE2 is expressed in various organ systems, including the cardiovascular system, kidneys, brain and lung tissue, principally in Type II alveolar cells [60] (Fig. 4), and is associated with immunity, inflammation, increased coagulopathy, and cardiovascular disease.…”

Section: Ace2 Associations With Several Diseases and Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

ACE2: the molecular doorway to SARS-CoV-2

López-Léon²,

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the host functional receptor for the new virus SARS-CoV-2 causing Coronavirus Disease 2019. ACE2 is expressed in 72 different cell types. Some factors that can affect the expression of the ACE2 are: sex, environment, comorbidities, medications (e.g. anti-hypertensives) and its interaction with other genes of the renin-angiotensin system and other pathways. Different factors can affect the risk of infection of SARS-CoV-2 and determine the severity of the symptoms. The ACE2 enzyme is a negative regulator of RAS expressed in various organ systems. It is with immunity, inflammation, increased coagulopathy, and cardiovascular disease. In this review, we describe the genetic and molecular functions of the ACE2 receptor and its relation with the physiological and pathological conditions to better understand how this receptor is involved in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. In addition, it reviews the different comorbidities that interact with SARS-CoV-2 in which also ACE2 plays an important role. It also describes the different factors that interact with the virus that have an influence in the expression and functional activities of the receptor. The goal is to provide the reader with an understanding of the complexity and importance of this receptor.

show abstract

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2: A protective factor in regulating disease virulence of SARS‐COV‐2

Cited by 22 publications

References 90 publications

A systematic review of Vaccine Breakthrough Infections by SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant

A systematic review of Vaccine Breakthrough Infections by SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant

Human genetic basis of coronavirus disease 2019

ACE2: the molecular doorway to SARS-CoV-2

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About