Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2: The old door for new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection

Tan, Heng Wee; Xu, Yan‐Ming; Lau, Andy T. Y.

doi:10.1002/rmv.2122

Cited by 44 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 154 publications

(198 reference statements)

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“…Spike proteins are crown-shaped membrane fusion proteins distributed across the surface of all coronaviruses. Although SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 share similar spike protein and ACE2 receptor-binding sequences, the affinity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for the ACE2 receptor seems to be 10-20-fold higher than that of the SARS-CoV spike protein, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 has a much higher human-to-human transmissibility than SARS-CoV 53,54 . Following binding to the ACE2 receptor, the transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) 55 induces proteolytic cleavage and 'priming' of the spike protein.…”

Section: Neuroinvasivity Of Sars-cov-2mentioning

confidence: 98%

Lifting the mask on neurological manifestations of COVID-19

2020

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After the first cases of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly became a pandemic 1 , forcing health-care systems and governments across the world to take extreme measures to contain the infection, and simultaneously engaging the scientific community in a race against time to develop effective treatments. Although evidence indicates that SARS-CoV-2 can be aerosolized or detected in the stool, the virus is spread predominantly via respiratory droplets from both symptomatic and asymptomatic infected individuals 2,3. As with many other viral syndromes, the most common symptoms of COVID-19 are fever and dry cough, whereas other manifestations, including rhinorrhoea and gastrointestinal symptoms, are much less frequent 3. Reports from China at the beginning of the outbreak and from other countries afterwards, have clearly demonstrated that most patients (81%) have mild symptoms with no pneumonia or mild pneumonia, and, among those patients with more significant symptoms, 14% have severe respiratory distress and 5% have respiratory failure, septic shock, and/or multi-organ failure 4. Although we are still in the early phases of our attempts to understand the syndromic

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Section: Neuroinvasivity Of Sars-cov-2mentioning

confidence: 98%

Lifting the mask on neurological manifestations of COVID-19

2020

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“…The degree of severity may also be associated to the imbalance of ACE2 and the cytokine storm that results in heart failure progression [ 51 ] [preprint: not peer-reviewed]. Leung et al [ 61 ] found increased ACE2 expression in lower airways of smokers and individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but further investigation is required to verify the association between higher lung ACE2 expression and COVID‐19 susceptibility [ 62 ].…”

Section: Ace2 Associations With Several Diseases and Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

ACE2: the molecular doorway to SARS-CoV-2

López-Léon²,

et al. 2020

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The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the host functional receptor for the new virus SARS-CoV-2 causing Coronavirus Disease 2019. ACE2 is expressed in 72 different cell types. Some factors that can affect the expression of the ACE2 are: sex, environment, comorbidities, medications (e.g. anti-hypertensives) and its interaction with other genes of the renin-angiotensin system and other pathways. Different factors can affect the risk of infection of SARS-CoV-2 and determine the severity of the symptoms. The ACE2 enzyme is a negative regulator of RAS expressed in various organ systems. It is with immunity, inflammation, increased coagulopathy, and cardiovascular disease. In this review, we describe the genetic and molecular functions of the ACE2 receptor and its relation with the physiological and pathological conditions to better understand how this receptor is involved in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. In addition, it reviews the different comorbidities that interact with SARS-CoV-2 in which also ACE2 plays an important role. It also describes the different factors that interact with the virus that have an influence in the expression and functional activities of the receptor. The goal is to provide the reader with an understanding of the complexity and importance of this receptor.

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“…Since SARSCoV-2 uses ACE2 as the receptor, it is intelligent to expect that every single human cell that expresses ACE2 are the likely focuses for SARSCoV-2 [54]. In this way, the accompanying inquiries with respect to ACE2 articulation comparable to COVID-19 defenselessness can be asked [55,56]: (a) Which parts of the body express ACE2? (b) Which ACE2-communicating organs are inclined to SARS-CoV-2 contamination?…”

Section: Heart Failure and Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Case Fatality Rate in COVID-19 Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: Global Health Challenge and Paradigm in the Current Pandemic

2020

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Purpose of Review Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is identified from Wuhan, China, and has spread almost worldwide. Recently, the newly identified SARS-CoV-2 has been confirmed to kill millions of people worldwide and is dangerous to society health, survival, and livelihood. The people with cardiovascular problems are noticed as most common patients of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). There is a greater risk of mortality and morbidity in these patients than other patients of COVID-19. In the heart, expressed angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and response effect of hyperactivity with angiotensin II associated to the renin-angiotensin mechanism are key factors of hypertension, atherosclerosis, and congestive heart failure. Recent Findings Mortality rates have been observed about 10.5% cases in patients with cardiovascular disease; however, a mortality rate of 52% was recorded in patients with heart failure, while 12% recovered ultimately. The occupancy of intense injury controlled by troponin elevation was a noteworthy factor in relation to mortality. Among 187 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, about 35% were diagnosed with cardiovascular disease (CVD) history and 28% with raised troponin. Troponin elevation was identified more frequently (55%) in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Mortality rate in patients without cardiovascular diseases and normal troponin was 7.6%, normal troponin and cardiovascular disease with 13.3%, augmented troponin and without cardiovascular disease 37.5%, however 69.4% among cardiovascular disease and advanced troponin. Summary The study reflected a significant association of case fatality rate (CFR) to COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular diseases which supposed to be the most common dangerous risk factor and health challenge during the current pandemic situation.

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Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2: The old door for new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection

Cited by 44 publications

References 154 publications

Lifting the mask on neurological manifestations of COVID-19

Lifting the mask on neurological manifestations of COVID-19

ACE2: the molecular doorway to SARS-CoV-2

The Case Fatality Rate in COVID-19 Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: Global Health Challenge and Paradigm in the Current Pandemic

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